Table 3.

Macrophage subtypes originating from their polarization [17, 18]

Macrophage type	Macrophage Subtype	Induction by	Surface markers	Cellular markers	Production of cytokines
M1 “classically activated”	M1	LPS, IFNγ, TNFα, GM-CSF	CD68, CD80, CD86, IL-1R, TLR2, TLR4, iNOS, IFNγR, MHC IIhigh, Fc-RI/II/III	NF-κB, STAT1, STAT5, IRF3, IRF5	IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, TNFα, M-CSF
	Diabetes/obesity-associated (M1?)	Insulin resistance, persistent & hyper-inflammatory activation	BCA1, CD11c, CD36	PLIN2, Msr1A
M2 “alternatively activated”	M2a	IL-4, IL-13	CD200, IL-1RII, Dectin-1, MHC IIlow	IRF4, PPARγ, STAT6	IL-10, IL-1Ra, TGFβ
	M2b	Immune complexes + TLR/IL-1β	CD86, MHC IIlow	IRF4, SOCS3	IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNFα
	M2c	IL-10, TGFβ	CD163, CD206, TLR1	IRF4, SOCS3	IL-10, TGFβ