TABLE 9.

Information of the selected publications for the critical review.

Authors and Year	Title	Aim	Deceptive Strategy	Stimulus	Memory Task	Significance of the Results	Limitations
Battista et al., 2021a	What Can We Remember After Complex Denials? The Impact Of Different False Denials On Memory	Test the effects of two different cognitively demanding false denials on memory	False Denials	Video	Recognition and Cued Recall	Yes	- Generalization of the findings for real situations - Lack of test for the cognitive manipulation - Only one strategy - Only witness perspective
Battista et al., 2020	The Effects Of Repeated Denials And Fabrication On Memory	Test the effect of repeated lying on memory	False Denials and Fabrication	Video	Recognition and Cued Recall	Yes	- Generalization of the findings for real situations - Feigned Amnesia not tested - Mechanisms Underpinning not studied
Battista et al., 2021c	Do Liars Really Remember What They Lied Upon? The Impact Of Fabrication On Memory	Test the effects of two different cognitively demanding fabrication on memory	Fabrication	Video	Recognition and Cued Recall	Yes	- Memory task used in the pilot study different from the one of the main study - No replication of prior findings on beliefs’ rating
Battista et al., 2021b	The Role Of Executive Functions In The Effects Of Lying On Memory	The role of individual executive functions resources in the effects of lying on memory	False Denials and Fabrication	Video	Recognition and Cued Recall	Yes	nd
Besken, 2018	Generating Lies Produces Lower Memory Predictions and Higher Memory Performance Than Telling the Truth: Evidence for a Metacognitive Illusion	Test a lie-generation manipulation on both actual and predicted memory performance	Fabrication	General Events List	Free Recall	Yes	- Generalization of the findings for real situations
Chrobak and Zaragoza, 2012	When Forced Fabrications Become Truth: Causal Explanations and False Memory Development	Test how the formation of false memory can happen due to fabrication	Fabrication	Video	Free Recall	Yes	- Generalization of the findings for other deceptive strategies
Gombos et al., 2012	Forced confabulation affects memory sensitivity as well as response bias	Test how forced confabulation affect memory for the actual event	Fabrication	Video	Cued Recall	Yes	nd
Harvey et al., 2017a	A Stability Bias Effect Among Deceivers	Test the memory for the event and stability bias	Fabrication	Action	Free Recall	Yes	- Generalization of the findings for real situations
Harvey et al., 2017b	Deception and Decay: Verbal Lie Detection as a Function of Delay and Encoding Quality	Test how encoding quality and retention interval affect memory after lying	Fabrication	Video and Action	Cued Recall	Yes	- Generalization of the findings for real situations - Cognitively simple situation of lying
Li and Liu, 2021	Involvement Modulates the Effects of Deception on Memory in Daily Life	Test DIF effect with a daily life paradigm	False Denial	Action	Source Monitoring	Yes	- Generalization of the findings due to the sample composition
Mangiulli et al., 2019a	Do Reminders Of The Crime Reverse The Memory-Undermining Effect Of Simulating Amnesia?	Test whether reminders about the lied event reverse the memory-undermining effect of feigned amnesia	Feigned Amnesia	Video	Free and Cued Recall	Yes	- Generalization of the findings for real situations - Lack of test for the manipulation adopted - Not adopted different memory tasks
Mangiulli et al., 2019b	Retrieval-Induced Forgetting in the Feigning Amnesia for a Crime Paradigm	Test whether retrieval-induced forgetting underlies the memory-undermining effect of feigned amnesia	Feigned Amnesia	Video	Free Recall	Yes	- Generalization of the findings for real situations - Lack of test of the manipulation adopted
Mangiulli et al., 2018	Feigning Amnesia Moderately Impairs Memory for a Mock Crime Video	Test the effects of feigned amnesia adopting a video	Feigned Amnesia	Video	Free and Cued Recall	Yes	- Generalization of the findings for real situations - No comparison of different stimuli - Not clear whether participants mixed deceptive strategies - Need to use questionnaire to assess cognitive functions
McWilliams et al., 2014	Memory For Child Sexual Abuse Information: Simulated Memory Error And Individual Differences	Test the effects of simulated memory (i.e., false denied or fabricated details) error on memory for CSA information	False Denials and Fabrication	Narrative	Free and Cued Recall	Yes	- Generalization of the findings for real situations - Lack of control for the adopted memory tasks
Otgaar and Baker, 2018 *	When Lying Changes Memory For The Truth	Review literature on the effects of lying and memory	False Denials, Feigned Amnesia, and Fabrication	nd	nd	nd	- Lack of studies
Otgaar et al., 2020	The Impact Of False Denials On Forgetting And False Memory	Test the effect of false denials on forgetting and false memory formation	False Denials	Word Lists	Free Recall or Source Monitoring	Yes	- Generalization of the findings for real situations
Otgaar et al., 2016	Denial-Induced Forgetting: False Denials Undermine Memory, But External Denials Undermine Belief	Test the effects of false denials on memory	False Denials	Pictures and Video	Source Monitoring	Yes	nd
Otgaar et al., 2018	Forgetting Having Denied: The Amnesic Consequences Of Denial	Test the DIF effect for different memory tasks	False Denials	Video	Free Recall or Source Monitoring	Yes	- Generalization of the findings for real situations
Paige et al., 2019	Influence Of Age On The Effects Of Lying On Memory	Test the effects of lying considering the role of cognitive control	False Denials and Fabrication	Action	Recognition	Yes	- Lack of test of the measure adopted
Paige et al., 2020	Evaluating Heart Rate Variability As A Predictor Of The Influence Of Lying On Memory	Test whether heart rate variability is involved in the effects of lying one memory	False Denials and Fabrication	Action	Recognition	Yes	- Not adopted different individual differences measures - Need to use physiological measures
Pezdek et al., 2007	Interviewing Witnesses: The Effect Of Forced Confabulation On Event Memory	Test whether forced confabulation can increase the recall of details never occurred	Fabrication	Video	Cued Recall	Yes	- Generalization of the findings for real situations
Polage, 2017	The Effect of Telling Lies on Belief in the Truth	Test the effects of lying on beliefs in the memory for the truth	Fabrication	Events List	Belief Rating	Yes	- Need of more control on the manipulation adopted - Mechanisms Underpinning not studied
Polage, 2012	Fabrication Inflation Increases As Source Monitoring Ability Decreases	Test the effects of lying on beliefs in a false childhood event	Fabrication	Events List	Belief Rating	Yes	- Mechanisms Underpinning not studied
Polage, 2018	Liar, Liar: Consistent Lying Decreases Belief In The Truth	Test the effects of lying on beliefs in participants’ childhood events	False Denials	Events List	Belief Rating	Yes	- Lack of direct measure of memory for the event - Lack of control of the manipulation adopted
Riesthuis et al., 2021a	Public Beliefs On The Relationship Between Lying And Memory	Survey beliefs of students and general public on the effects of lying and memory	False Denials, Feigned Amnesia, and Fabrication	nd	nd	nd	nd
Riesthuis et al., 2021b *	Registered Report: The Effects Of Incentivized Lies On Memory	Test the effect of deceptive behavior on memory	Fabrication	Action	Cued Recall	nd	nd
Riesthuis et al., 2020	Adopting A Fictitious Autobiography: Fabrication Inflation Or Deflation?	Test whether adopting a fictitious biography make participants believe in the fake autobiography	Fabrication	Biography	Belief Rating	no	- Generalization of the findings
Romeo et al., 2019	The Impact Of Lying About A Traumatic Virtual Reality Experience On Memory	Test the effects of lying in a virtual reality paradigm	False Denials and Fabrication	Virtual Reality Scenes	Source Monitoring	Yes	nd
Romeo et al., 2018	The Memory-Impairing Effects Of Simulated Amnesia For A Mock Crime	Test the memory undermining effect for crime-related details	False Denials and Feigned Amnesia	Action	Source Monitoring	Yes	- Generalization of the findings for real situations - Lack of control on the manipulation adopted
Rossi-Arnaud et al., 2020	Long-Lasting Positive Effects Of Collaborative Remembering On False Assents To Misleading Questions	Test the effects of collaborative remembering on the recall of self-generated details	Fabrication	Video	Free Recall and Recognition	No	- Need of different manipulations
Van Oorsouw and Giesbrecht, 2008	Minimizing Culpability Increases Commission Errors In A Mock Crime Paradigm	Test whether minimizing culpability undermines memory for the original event lied upon	Fabrication	Action	Free Recall	Yes	- Need of extra check on the manipulation adopted
Vieira and Lane, 2013	How You Lie Affects What You Remember	Test how false denials affects memory	False Denials	Pictures	Source Monitoring	Yes	- Generalization of the findings for real situations
Vo et al., 2021	How Deception And Believability Feedback Affect Recall	Test whether fabricating details and receiving believability feedback impacts memory	Fabrication	Pictures	Recognition	Yes	- Generalization of the findings for real situations - Need of extra check on the manipulation adopted

*Due to the nature of both the studies (i.e., review and survey), it was not possible to report some of the information displayed in the table. “nd” means “no data.”