Table 5.
Associations between the adherence to individual recommendations of the adapted World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF)/American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) Cancer Prevention Recommendations using data-driven categories (33rd and 66th percentiles) and breast cancer risk
(Odds ratio and 95 % confidence intervals)
| WCRF/AICR cancer prevention recommendation | Adherence score | Overall* (cases n 396; controls n 396) | Premenopausal†,‡ (cases = 133; controls = 134) | Postmenopausal†,‡ (cases = 248; controls = 257) | ER† + (n 298) | PR† + (n 263) | Obese†,§ (cases = 231; controls = 235) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | ||
| Be a healthy weight|| BMI | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 0·5 | 1·02 | 0·70, 1·48 | 1·47 | 0·78, 2·75 | 0·83 | 0·54, 1·28 | 0·95 | 0·65, 1·38 | 0·91 | 0·54, 1·54 | 0·84 | 0·72, 1·10 | |
| 1 | 1·09 | 0·76, 1·57 | 1·01 | 0·56, 1·81 | 1·18 | 0·76, 1·83 | 1·09 | 0·75, 1·58 | 0·84 | 0·49, 1·43 | 1·12 | 0·76, 1·64 | |
| P trend | 0·622 | 0·978 | 0·454 | 0·635 | 0·519 | 0·553 | |||||||
| Be a healthy weight|| Waist circumference | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 0·5 | 1·3 | 0·89, 1·92 | 1·37 | 0·69, 2·72 | 1·25 | 0·81, 1·93 | 1·20 | 0·81, 1·77 | 1·19 | 0·68, 2·08 | 1·28 | 0·86, 1·92 | |
| 1 | 1·6 | 1·13, 2·46 | 1·30 | 0·69, 2·44 | 1·69 | 1·08, 2·63 | 1·46 | 1·00, 2·13 | 1·43 | 0·83, 2·46 | 2·85 | 1·51, 5·40 | |
| P trend | 0·010 | 0·406 | 0·020 | 0·050 | 0·200 | 0·001 | |||||||
| Be physically active | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 0·5 | 0·77 | 0·53, 1·14 | 1·41 | 0·74, 2·69 | 0·60 | 0·38, 0·93 | 0·77 | 0·51, 1·18 | 0·43 | 0·19, 0·98 | 0·76 | 0·47, 1·23 | |
| 1 | 1·15 | 0·81, 1·64 | 1·52 | 0·86, 2·68 | 1·07 | 0·69, 1·65 | 1·29 | 0·87, 1·92 | 0·71 | 0·33, 1·48 | 1·20 | 0·75, 1·93 | |
| P trend | 0·420 | 0·149 | 0·751 | 0·195 | 0·363 | 0·446 | |||||||
| Eat a diet rich in wholegrains, vegetables, fruit and beans¶ Fruit and vegetable intake | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 0·5 | 0·97 | 0·68, 1·37 | 0·77 | 0·44, 1·37 | 1·25 | 0·81, 1·93 | 0·77 | 0·51, 1·18 | 1·55 | 0·76, 3·17 | 0·99 | 0·64, 1·55 | |
| 1 | 0·48 | 0·32, 0·73 | 0·63 | 0·33, 1·20 | 0·55 | 0·34, 0·88 | 1·29 | 0·87, 1·92 | 0·61 | 0·26, 1·45 | 0·62 | 0·38, 1·02 | |
| P trend | <0·001 | 0·162 | 0·014 | 0·195 | 0·264 | 0·124 | |||||||
| Eat a diet rich in wholegrains, vegetables, fruit and beans¶ Daily fibre intake | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 0·5 | 1·02 | 0·69, 1·51 | 0·87 | 0·42, 1·79 | 1·04 | 0·67, 1·62 | 1·03 | 0·66, 1·57 | 0·87 | 0·38, 2·07 | 1·32 | 0·81, 2·16 | |
| 1 | 0·93 | 0·59, 1·47 | 0·65 | 0·29, 1·44 | 1·18 | 0·69, 2·02 | 0·91 | 0·67, 1·51 | 0·99 | 0·36, 2·65 | 1·09 | 0·61, 1·94 | |
| P trend | 0·760 | 0·295 | 0·541 | 0·709 | 0·986 | 0·766 | |||||||
| Limit fast foods | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 0·5 | 0·84 | 0·51, 1·11 | 0·80 | 0·45, 1·79 | 0·97 | 0·68, 1·49 | 0·79 | 0·36, 1·71 | 0·64 | 0·49, 1·55 | 0·98 | 0·62, 1·63 | |
| 1 | 0·64 | 0·38, 0·92 | 0·65 | 0·44, 1·1 | 0·64 | 0·41, 1·09 | 0·49 | 0·17, 1·13 | 0·53 | 0·33, 1·45 | 0·69 | 0·44, 1·23 | |
| P trend | 0·029 | 0·092 | 0·099 | 0·081 | 0·221 | 0·171 | |||||||
| Limit red and processed meat consumption | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 0·5 | 0·91 | 0·33, 1·12 | 0·92 | 0·47, 1·79 | 0·43 | 0·27, 1·29 | 0·80 | 0·53, 1·22 | 0·72 | 0·22, 1·06 | 0·69 | 0·23, 1·04 | |
| 1 | 0·69 | 0·31, 1·06 | 0·54 | 0·26, 1·15 | 0·58 | 0·49, 1·39 | 0·71 | 0·44, 1·13 | 0·49 | 0·37, 1·00 | 0·47 | 0·26, 0·87 | |
| P trend | 0·128 | 0·112 | 0·421 | 0·313 | 0·071 | 0·155 | |||||||
| Limit sugary drink intake | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 0·5 | 1·25 | 0·86, 1·83 | 0·90 | 051, 1·61 | 1·43 | 0·90, 2·27 | 1·35 | 0·88, 2·07 | 0·92 | 0·43, 1·97 | 1·37 | 0·86, 2·18 | |
| 1 | 1·06 | 0·72, 1·56 | 1·34 | 0·69, 2·59 | 1·11 | 0·72, 1·720 | 1·07 | 0·68, 1·67 | 0·94 | 0·43, 2·02 | 0·67 | 0·41, 1·09 | |
| P trend | 0·751 | 0·375 | 0·652 | 0·758 | 0·869 | 0·110 | |||||||
| Limit alcohol consumption | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 0·5 | 0·65 | 0·35, 1·22 | 1·21 | 0·43, 3·40 | 0·57 | 0·27, 1·22 | 0·56 | 0·28, 1·12 | 0·27 | 0·68, 1·12 | 0·81 | 0·36, 1·86 | |
| 1 | 1·37 | 0·87, 2·16 | 2·91 | 1·24, 6·89 | 1·20 | 0·70, 2·06 | 1·17 | 0·71, 1·95 | 1·52 | 0·61, 3·76 | 1·52 | 0·82, 2·83 | |
| P trend | 0·216 | 0·014 | 0·507 | 0·532 | 0·366 | 0·181 | |||||||
| Breastfeed your baby, if you can | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 0·5 | 0·89 | 0·58, 1·21 | 0·74 | 0·40, 1·35 | 1·01 | 0·64, 1·59 | 0·39 | 0·17, 0·96 | 0·67 | 0·33, 1·38 | 0·89 | 0·57, 1·42 | |
| 1 | 0·83 | 0·47, 1·01 | 0·85 | 0·47, 1·54 | 0·70 | 0·54, 1·33 | 1·44 | 0·58, 3·62 | 0·86 | 0·41, 1·84 | 0·85 | 0·53, 1·34 | |
| P trend | 0·316 | 0·600 | 0·490 | 0·428 | 0·709 | 0·485 | |||||||
ER+, oestrogen receptor positive; PR+, Progesterone receptor positive.
Adjusted for total energy intake, individual income/month, ethnicity, level of education, physical activity, waist circumference, alcohol intake, ever breast-feeding (unless the variable was part of the recommendation under investigation) and menopausal status (not when stratified by menopausal status)
Stratified by menopausal status or obesity and using unconditional logistic regression.
20 missing values for menopausal status (15 cases and 5 controls).
Obesity defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2
Adherence to the recommendation ‘Be a healthy weight’ is measured by two subgroups, BMI and waist circumference.
Adherence to the recommendation ‘Eat a diet rich in wholegrains, vegetables, fruit and beans’ is measured by two subgroups, fruit and vegetable intake and daily fibre intake.