Table 2. Production of CK by microbial conversion.
| Microorganism classification | Transformation pathways | Source | Processing condition | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bifidobacterium K-103 and Eubacterium A-44 | Rc → Rd → CK | Human feces | 37 °C, pH 7.0 | Bae et al. (32) |
| Bifidobacterium K-506 and Bacteroides HJ-15 | Rc →Mb → CK | Human feces | 37 °C, pH 7.0 | Bae et al. (32) |
| Bifidobacterium sp. Int57, Bif. sp. SJ32, Aspergillus niger, and A. usamii | Rb1 → Rd and F2 → CK | Human feces | 37 °C, pH 5.0 | Chi et al. (31) |
| Bifidobacterium sp. Int57and SJ32 | Rb2 and Rc → Rd and F2 → CK | Human feces | 37 °C, pH 5.0 | Chi et al. (30) |
| Aspergillus niger | Rb2→ Compound O and Compound Y→ CK; Rc → Mc → CK | – | 37 °C, pH 5.0 | Chi et al. (30) |
| Esteya vermicola CNU120806 | Rd → F2 → CK | Nematodes in forest soil | 50 °C, pH 5.0 | Hou et al. (33) |
| Paecilomyces bainier sp. 229 | P. notoginseng saponins → CK | Soil around ginseng roots | 28 °C, pH 6.0 | Zhou et al. (34) |
| Fusarium sacchari | P. notoginseng saponins → CK | Soil around ginseng roots | 30 °C, pH 5.5 | Han et al. (35,36) |
| Fusarium moniliforme | P. notoginseng saponins → CK | – | – | Yang et al. (37) |
| Cladosporium cladosporioides | Rb1→Rd or gypenoside XVII → F2 → CK | – | 30 °C, pH 7.0 | Wu et al. (38) |
| Acremonium strictum | Rb1→CK | Soil around ginseng roots | – | Chen et al. (39) |
| Aspergillus niger g.848 | Rb1→Rd→ F2 → CK | Chinese koji | 30 °C, pH 5.0 | Liu et al. (40) |
| Aspergillus niger | P. notoginseng saponins → CK | – | – | Zhou et al. (41) |
| Leuconostoc citreum LH1 | Rb1→CK | Kimchi | 30 °C, pH 6.0 | Quan et al. (42) |
| Leuconostoc mesenteroides DC102 | Rb1→Rd or gypenoside XVII→ F2 → CK | Kimchi | 30 °C, pH 7.0 | Quan et al. (43) |
| Lactobacillus paralimentarius LH4 | Rb1→Rd or gypenoside XVII→ F2 → CK | Kimchi | 30 °C, pH 6.0 | Quan et al. (44) |
“–” indicates not mentioned. CK, 20-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-20 (S)-protopanaxadiol.