Table 1.
Summary of included studies.
| Author, reference and country | Recruitment | Intervention name | Randomization and sample size | Intervention type and mode | Screening | Primary depression scale | Other mother-related outcomes | Infant-related outcomes | |||||||||
| Guided | |||||||||||||||||
|
|
Forsell et al [49], Sweden | Advertisements on social media, blogs, online forums, in newspapers, and flyers distributed in maternity clinics | Internet Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Antenatal Depression | Intervention: n=22; controls: n=20; total: n=42 | Indicated, internet and website for intervention group with treatment as usual for controls | MADRS-Sa scores of 15 to 35 and no/low risk of suicide | MADRS-S | EPDSb (>12), WSASc, GADd, ISIe, EQ-5D-3Lf, AUDITg, DUDITh | -i | ||||||||
|
|
Guo et al [50], China | Pregnant women attending Tianjin First Center Hospital | Internet-based Mindful Self-Compassion Program | Intervention: n=157; controls: n=157; total: n=314 | Indicated, internet and website for intervention group with waiting-list control group | EPDS (≥9) | EPDS (>9) | STAIj-I and II, BDIk-II, Chinese Mindfulness Attention Awareness Self-Compassion Scale, WHO-5l, PSIm, Comprehensive Parenting Behavior Questionnaire | IBQ-R VSFn | ||||||||
| Unguided | |||||||||||||||||
|
|
Barrera et al [47], United States | Search engine directories and Google Ads Worldwide reach | Mothers and Babies Internet Course | Intervention: n=435; controls n=417; total: n=852 | Universal, internet, and website for intervention group with information only for controls | N/Ao | CESDp | EPDS (>9), Major Depressive Episode Screener | - | ||||||||
|
|
Duffecy et al [48], United States | Pregnant women invited after being identified from electronic records of a university hospital; mass emails and advertisements | Sunnyside Group-based Internet Intervention | Intervention: n=18; controls: n=7; total: n=25 | Indicated, internet and website for intervention group with extra features for intervention group and just online group for controls | PHQq scores of 5 -14 and no diagnosis of major depression | PHQ-8 | HDRSr, IDASs, SCID-It, MINIu Suicide | - | ||||||||
|
|
Haga et al [51], Norway | Women attending routine prenatal care in hospital clinics | Mamma Mia | Intervention: n= 678; controls: n=664; total: n=1342 | Universal, internet and website for intervention group, with usual perinatal care for controls | N/A | EPDS (>9) | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
Loughnan et al [52], Australia | Advertisements on social media, online forums, and flyers distributed in maternity hospitals | MUMentum Pregnancy Program | Intervention: n=43; controls: n=44; total: n=87 | Indicated, internet and website for intervention group, with treatment as usual for controls | Met the criteria for a probable diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder and/or major depressive disorder | PHQ-9 | GAD-7, Kessler 10-item Psychological Distress scale, EPDS (>12), WHO-QOLv, 9-item BDI-II | MAASw | ||||||||
|
|
Sun et al [53], China | Obstetrics clinic of a tertiary hospital in Jinan, Shandong | Spirits Healing (in Chinese) app | Intervention: n=84; controls: n=84; total: n=168 | Indicated, internet and smartphone app for intervention group, with regular WeChat health consultations for controls | EPDS (≥9) or PHQ-9 (≥4) | EPDS | GAD-7, PSSx, PANASy, PSQIz, PRMQaa, W-DEQab | - | ||||||||
aMADRS-S: Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale-Self report version.
bEPDS: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.
cWSAS: Work and Social Adjustment Scale.
dGAD: Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
eISI: The Insomnia Severity Index.
fEQ-5D-3L: EuroQoL 5-Dimension 3-Level.
gAUDIT: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test.
hDUDIT: Drug Use Disorders Identification Test.
iNone reported.
jSTAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.
kBDI: Beck Depression Inventory.
lWHO-5: World Health Organization 5 Well-Being Index.
mPSI: Parenting Stress Index.
nIBQ-R VSF: Infant Behavior Questionnaire Revised-Very Short Form.
oN/A: not applicable.
pCESD: Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression.
qPHQ: Patient Health Questionnaire.
rHADRS: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.
sIDAS: Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms.
tSCID-I: Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Axis-I Disorders.
uMINI: Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview.
vWHO-QOL: World Health Organization Quality of Life scale.
wMAAS: Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale.
xPSS: Perceived Stress Scale.
yPANAS: Positive and Negative Affect Schedule.
zPSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.
aaPRMQ: Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire.
abW-DEQ: Wijma Delivery Expectancy Questionnaire.