Table 1. Description of Included Studies.
| Study, source | Patients, No. | Inclusion criteria | Employment status, %: employed; single, unemployed; not seeking employment | Financial strain, %: doing okay; just about getting by; struggling financially | Housing status, %: homeowner; tenant; othera | Highest level of educational attainment, %: bachelor’s degree or above; A-levelb; GCSE; no formal qualifications | Baseline depressive severity, mean (SD) | Interventions | Outcome measure and primary postbaseline end point, primary measure (additional) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CADET, Richards et al,31 2013 | 527 | Adults ≥18 y, ICD-10 depressive episode | 45.2; 32.1; 22.8 | NA | 41.0; 48.6; 10.4 | 18.6; 27.9; 24.5; 29.0 | PHQ-9, 17.7 (5.1) | Collaborative care vs TAU | PHQ-9 at 4 mo |
| COBALT, Wiles et al,32 2013 | 469 | Adults aged 18-75 y with treatment-resistant depression, scored ≥14 points on BDI-II | 43.9; 32.2; 23.9 | 35.6; 37.1; 27.3 | NA | 20.5; 26.3; 28.1; 25.1 | BDI-II, 31.8 (10.7) | CBT + TAU vs TAU | BDI-II (PHQ-9) at 3 mo |
| GENPOD, Wiles et al,33 2012 | 601 | Adults aged 18-74 y with depressive episode | 59.4; 20.5; 20.1 | 35.1; 29.4; 35.6 | 48.1; 38.6; 13.3 | 25.3; 19.5; 41.4; 13.8 | BDI-II, 33.7 (9.7) | Citalopram vs reboxetine | BDI-II at 3 mo |
| IPCRESS, Kessler et al,34 2009 | 295 | Adults scoring ≥14 points on BDI-II and clinician-confirmed diagnosis of depression | 60.3; 11.9; 27.8 | 43.4; 28.5; 28.1 | 40.7; 42.4; 16.9 | 34.6; 29.8; 21.0; 14.6 | BDI-II, 33.2 (8.8) | iCBT + TAU vs TAU + waiting list for iCBT | BDI-II at 4 mo |
| ITAS, Thomas et al,35 2004 | 798 | Adults aged ≥16 y, scored ≥12 points on CIS-R | 52.0; 15.8; 32.3 | 44.7; 32.5; 22.9 | 62.0; 30.0; 8.1 | NA | GHQ-12, 7.7 (3.2) | Recommendation + TAU vs TAU | GHQ-12 at 6 mo |
| MIR, Kessler et al,36 2018 | 480 | Adults ≥18 taking SSRIs or SNRIs at adequate dose for ≥6 wk, and scored ≥14 points on BDI-II | 49.3; 21.3; 29.4 | 41.7; 31.7; 26.7 | 53.1; 38.8; 8.1 | 19.8; 28.1; 31.3; 20.8 | BDI-II, 31.1 (9.9) | SSRI (SNRI) + mirtazapine vs SSRI (SNRI) + placebo | BDI-II (PHQ-9) at 3 mo |
| PANDA, Lewis et al,37 2019 | 652 | Adults presenting with low mood or depression to clinician in last 2 y, free of ADM for 8 wk up to baseline | 66.4; 11.2; 22.4 | 55.8; 31.3; 12.9 | 40.0; 40.2; 19.8 | 35.3; 33.7; 22.2; 8.7 | BDI-II, 23.9 (10.3) | Sertraline vs placebo | PHQ-9 (BDI-II) at 3 mo |
| REEACT, Gilbody et al,38 2015 | 685 | Adults with PHQ-9 ≥10 points presenting to clinician with depression | 61.8; 18.0; 20.2 | NA | 50.6; 34.5; 14.9 | 39.2; 13.8; 46.1; 0.9 | PHQ-9, 16.7 (4.3) | Moodgym vs Beating the Blues vs TAUc | PHQ-9 at 4 mo |
| TREAD, Chalder et al,39 2012 | 361 | Adults aged 18-69 y who met diagnostic criteria for MDD and scored ≥14 points on BDI-II | 63.7; 13.3; 23.0 | 31.9; 34.4; 33.6 | 47.4; 39.6; 13.0 | 24.1; 28.8; 28.3; 18.8 | BDI-II, 32.1 (9.2) | Physical activity + TAU vs TAU | BDI-II at 4 mo |
Abbreviations: ADM, antidepressant medication; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory II; CADET, Clinical and Cost Effectiveness of Collaborative Care for Depression in UK Primary Care Trial; CIS-R, Clinical Interview Schedule Revised; COBALT, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy as an Adjunct to Pharmacotherapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression in Primary Care; GCSE, general certificate of secondary education; GENPOD, Genetic and Clinical Predictors of Treatment Response in Depression; GHQ-12, 12-item General Health Questionnaire; iCBT, internet-based therapist-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy; ICD-10, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision; IPCRESS, Therapist-Delivered Internet Psychotherapy for Depression in Primary Care; ITAS, Computerised Patient-Specific Guidelines for Management of Common Mental Disorders in Primary Care; MDD, major depressive disorder; MIR, Mirtazapine Added to SSRIs or SNRIs for Treatment-Resistant Depression in Primary Care; NA, not available; PANDA, Clinical Effectiveness of Sertraline in Primary Care and the Role of Depression Severity and Duration; PHQ-9, 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire; REEACT, Computerised Cognitive Behaviour Therapy as Treatment for Depression in Primary Care; SNRI, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; TAU, treatment as usual; TREAD, Treating Depression With Physical Activity Trial.
Other includes living with family or friends, homeless, or living in a hostel.
A-level is an advanced level qualification that is equivalent to a high school diploma.
Types of cognitive behavioral therapy interventions.