Table 1.
Demographics and ocular characteristics of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) cases, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) cases, and cognitively normal controls
| Characteristics | Controls (n = 55) | MCI (n = 108) | AD (n = 62) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 71.0 ± 4.7 | 73.4 ± 6.3 | 73.3 ± 8.7 | 0.078 |
| Gender, female | 31 (56) | 58 (54) | 39 (63) | 0.505 |
| Diabetes, yes | 8 (15) | 35 (32) | 21 (34) | 0.031 |
| Hypertension, yes | 31 (56) | 61 (57) | 44 (72) | 0.111 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 137 ± 16 | 142 ± 16 | 142 ± 19 | 0.113 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 73 ± 9 | 74 ± 10 | 71 ± 11 | 0.304 |
| Global CDR Score | 0.11 ± 0.21 | 0.32 ± 0.24 | 1.17 ± 0.41 | < 0.001 |
| Signal strength, optic disc | 7.56 ± 1.05 | 7.64 ± 1.13 | 7.92 ± 1.02 | 0.053 |
| Signal strength, macular | 7.81 ± 1.00 | 7.89 ± 1.15 | 7.97 ± 1.05 | 0.644 |
| Optic disc area, mm2 | 1.86 ± 0.39 | 1.97 ± 0.39 | 1.98 ± 0.35 | 0.083 |
| Optic disc ratio | 1.13 ± 0.09 | 1.14 ± 0.08 | 1.13 ± 0.07 | 0.661 |
| Optic disc orientation, degrees | 95.85 ± 33.15 | 97.23 ± 31.15 | 99.51 ± 32.77 | 0.741 |
| Fovea distance, μm | 4.52 ± 0.29 | 4.53 ± 0.29 | 4.53 ± 0.28 | 0.935 |
| Fovea angle, degrees | − 8.06 ± 3.95 | − 7.74 ± 4.20 | − 7.83 ± 4.34 | 0.846 |
| Spherical equivalent refractive error, dioptres | − 1.11 ± 2.76 | 0.03 ± 1.88 | − 0.06 ± 1.67 | < 0.001 |
AD Alzheimer’s disease, MCI mild cognitive impairment, CDR Clinical Dementia Rating scale
Data presented are mean (SD) or number (%), as appropriate
*p value was obtained with ANOVA for the continuous variables and with chi-square tests for categorical variables