Table 3.

Bivariate associations between study variables and three-year societal costs

	Beta (SE)	Wald χ2	p-value
Individual factors
Minimally adequate treatment
Yes	0.365 (0.102)	12.748	< 0.001
No
Sex
Female	−0.126 (0.109)	1.330	0.249
Male
Education
0–7 years	0.204 (0.112)	3.345	0.067
≥ 8 years
Marital status
Married/living with a partner	−0.029 (0.102)	0.080	0.777
Not married/living with a partner
Material deprivation index
1 (lowest deprivation)		REF
2	0.299 (0.162)	3.386	0.066
3	0.104 (0.166)	0.393	0.531
4	0.370 (0.163)	5.152	0.023
5 (higher deprivation)	0.252 (0.163)	2.395	0.122
Social deprivation index
1 (lowest deprivation)		REF
2	−0.177 (0.174)	1.032	0.310
3	0.059 (0.176)	0.113	0.737
4	0.329 (0.162)	4.134	0.042
5 (higher deprivation)	0.033 (0.159)	0.043	0.836
Age	0.020 (0.009)	4.559	0.033
Cognitive status (22–30)	−0.058 (0.028)	4.274	0.039
Number of chronic diseases (0–17)	0.098 (0.020)	24.632	< 0.001
Psychological distress (10–50)	0.014 (0.007)	3.910	0.048
Severity of anxiety symptoms (0–21)	0.008 (0.013)	0.369	0.544
Social support (0–3)	−0.089 (0.084)	1.133	0.287
Number of daily hassles (0–32)	−0.001 (0.008)	0.024	0.877
Health-related quality of life (0–100)	−0.013 (0.003)	25.300	< 0.001
Satisfaction with life (5–25)	−0.017 (0.011)	2.482	0.115
Patients’ beliefs – mental health treatment (1–5)	−0.063 (0.054)	1.344	0.246
Confidence in doctor to help with mental health issue (1–5)	0.036 (0.042)	0.751	0.386
Perceived adequacy of care for mental health problems (1–5)	−0.018 (0.043)	0.174	0.677
Number of days alive during the three-year period	−0.001 (0.001)	7.568	0.006
Health system factor
Type of primary care practices
Small clinics (<  3 GP)	0.019 (0.105)	0.034	0.853
Large clinics (≥ 3 GP)	REF

Results obtained with generalized lineal models using gamma distribution and log link

GP general practitioners, SE standard error

Significant results are in bold (p < 0.05)