Fig. 8.

Cardiac MDA level (a), Expression of TNF-α protein in the heart (b), Expression of SOD2 protein in the heart (c). GAPDH was used as a housekeeping protein. n = 5–6 per group. Data are reported as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 when compared to ND, ^†p < 0.05 when compared to PDM, ^‡p < 0.05 when compared to PDMCR-SM, ^§p < 0.05 when compared to PDMCR-L, ^‖p < 0.05 when compared to PDMEX-SM. ND: Normal diet; PDM: Prediabetes with no intervention; PDMCR-SM: Prediabetes with short-term caloric restriction followed by weight maintenance; PDMCR-L: Prediabetes with long-term caloric restriction; PDMEX-SM: Prediabetes with short-term exercise followed by weight maintenance; PDMEX-L: Prediabetes with long-term exercise