. 2022 Mar 10;4(4):100616. doi: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100616

Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies (n=32)

COVID-19 vaccine safety
Author(s), year	Study title	Study design	Study setting	Participants (n)	COVID-19 vaccine types, % received	Outcomes	Conclusions
Bennett et al,¹⁸ 2021	Newly diagnosed immune thrombocytopenia in a pregnant patient after coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination	Case report	Hospital in Ohio	Vaccinated pregnant woman at the first trimester of pregnancy (n=1)	Moderna mRNA-1273 Patient received first dose only.	Vaccine side effects: ITP occurred 13 d after COVID-19 vaccination. ITP was resolved by oral corticosteroids and patient was discharged on the fourth day of hospitalization with no complications.	COVID-19 vaccination benefits outweigh the risk of infection in pregnancy. Pregnant women should be included in clinical trials.
Kachikis et al,¹⁹ 2021	Short-term reactions among pregnant and lactating individuals in the first wave of the COVID-19 vaccine rollout	Cohort study	Online registry in the United States	Pregnant (n=7809), lactating (n=6815), and neither pregnant nor lactating women planning pregnancy (n=2901)	Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2: 61.9% Moderna mRNA-1273: 37.8% Janssen JNJ-78436735: 0.23% 85.9% of all participants received both doses.	Vaccine side effects: Women who received vaccine experienced pain at injection site (91.4%) and fatigue (31.3%). Pregnancy outcomes: 0.7% of pregnant women reported miscarriages at the time of their second vaccine dose.	COVID-19 vaccines were well-tolerated among pregnant women.
Kadali et al,²⁰ 2021	Adverse effects of COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccines among pregnant women: a cross-sectional study on healthcare workers with detailed self-reported symptoms	Cross-sectional survey	Online survey of US adults	Vaccinated pregnant HCWs (n=38) and nonpregnant HCWs (n=991)	Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2: 52.6% Moderna mRNA-1273: 47.4% About 31 of 38 (81.58%) of the pregnant HCWs received both doses of the mRNA vaccine.	Vaccine side effects: The vaccine side effects experienced by pregnant HCWs were minor and included sore arm (93%) and itching (5%). The side effects seemed to be similar (with no significant statistical difference) to those observed in nonpregnant HCWs.	COVID-19 vaccine side effects and safety were comparable between pregnant and nonpregnant HCWs.
Kharbanda et al,²¹ 2021	Spontaneous abortion following COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy	Case-control surveillance of Vaccine Safety Datalink	8 health systems (5 Kaiser Permanente health systems; Denver Health; HealthPartners; and Marshfield Clinic in Washington, California, Colorado, Wisconsin	Pregnant women (n=105,446)	Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2: received ≥1 doses (7.80%) Moderna mRNA-1273: received ≥1 doses (6.0%) Janssen JNJ-78436735: 0.50%	Pregnancy outcomes: A total of 13,160 miscarriages and 92,286 ongoing pregnancies were identified. Spontaneous abortions were not associated with increased odds of exposure to COVID-19 vaccine in the previous 28 d compared with ongoing pregnancies (aOR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.96–1.08). Results were consistent for mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 and by gestational age group.	Among women with miscarriages, the odds of COVID-19 vaccine exposure were not increased in the previous 28 d compared with women with ongoing pregnancies.
Lipkind et al,²² 2022	Receipt of COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy and preterm or small-for-gestational-age at birth - eight integrated healthcare organizations, United States, December 15, 2020-July 22, 2021	Cohort study	8 health systems (5 Kaiser Permanente health systems; Denver Health; HealthPartners; and Marshfield Clinic in Washington, California, Colorado, Wisconsin	Unvaccinated pregnant women (n=36,015) and vaccinated pregnant women (n=10,064)	Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2: received ≥1 doses (54.40 %) Moderna mRNA-1273: received ≥1 doses (41.40%) Janssen JNJ-78436735: 4.20%	Pregnancy outcomes: Prevalence of preterm birth and SGA neonates were 6.6 and 8.2/100 live births, respectively. COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy was not significantly associated with increased risk for preterm birth overall (aHR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.82–1.01; P=.06) or SGA neonates (aHR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.87–1.03; P=.24).	COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy is not associated with negative neonatal outcomes when compared with unvaccinated pregnant women.
Nakahara et al,²³ 2022	Safety-related outcomes of novel mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in pregnancy	Cohort study	Ochsner Health System in Louisiana and Mississippi	Unvaccinated women (n=166) and vaccinated pregnant women (n=83)	mRNA vaccine (type not stated)	Pregnant individuals were more likely to report fever (4.80% vs 0.60%; P=.04) and gastrointestinal symptoms (4.80% vs 0%; P=.01). Frequency of complaint following vaccine administration was not different between pregnant and nonpregnant persons (18.10% vs 16.90%, P=.20).	Side effects following COVID-19 vaccination were similar between pregnant and nonpregnant individuals.
Shanes et al,²⁴ 2021	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination in pregnancy	Cohort study	Hospital in Chicago	Unvaccinated pregnant (n=116) and vaccinated pregnant women (n=84)	mRNA vaccine (type not stated)	Pregnancy outcomes: Placental examination in vaccinated women showed no increased incidence of placental injuries compared with the control group.	There were no observed adverse pregnancy outcomes and placental injuries in vaccinated pregnant women.
Shimabukuro et al,²⁵ 2021	Preliminary findings of mRNA Covid-19 vaccine safety in pregnant persons	Cohort study	COVID-19 Vaccine Pregnancy Registry in the United States	Vaccinated pregnant women (n=35,691)	Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2: 53.9% Moderna mRNA-1273: 46.10%	Vaccine side effects: Injection-site pain reported. Pregnancy outcomes: No neonatal deaths were reported. There were 12.60% of spontaneous abortions, 9.40% of preterm births, and 3.20% of SGA neonates.	Preliminary findings did not show any major safety issues among pregnant mRNA vaccine recipients.
Theiler et al,²⁶ 2021	Pregnancy and birth outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in pregnancy	Cohort study	Mayo Clinic Health System in Minnesota and Wisconsin	Unvaccinated pregnant women (n=1862) and vaccinated pregnant women (n=140)	Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2: 90.70% Moderna mRNA-1273: 8.57% Janssen JNJ-78436735: 0.71%. 73.60% of pregnant women completed both doses of vaccination before delivery.	Pregnancy outcomes: Thromboembolic events, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia risk were similar between vaccinated and unvaccinated pregnant women. Neonatal outcomes: Preterm birth and neonatal birthweight in pregnant vaccinated people were similar to those of unvaccinated pregnant women.	Vaccinated pregnant women were less likely to experience COVID-19 infection than unvaccinated pregnant women. Vaccination during pregnancy was not associated with increased pregnancy or delivery complications.
Trostle et al,²⁷ 2021	COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy: early experience from a single institution	Cohort study	Academic medical center in New York	Vaccinated pregnant women (n=424)	mRNA vaccine: 100%. Of those, 82.10% received both doses and 17.90% received only 1 dose.	Pregnancy outcomes: Nine women had spontaneous abortions, 3 terminated their pregnancies, and 327 had ongoing pregnancies. There were no stillbirths. Neonatal outcomes: The rate of preterm birth was 5.90%. There were 15.30% of neonates requiring admission to the NICU). Amount of SGA neonates (per WHO standards) was 12.20%.	The rate of spontaneous abortion in this study was within the expected rate of 10%, and preterm birth rate of 5.9% was below the national average of 9.50%. The 12.20% rate of SGA neonates was near the expected value.
Zauche et al,²⁸ 2021	Receipt of mRNA Covid-19 vaccines and risk of spontaneous abortion	Cohort study	COVID-19 vaccine pregnancy registry in the United States	Vaccinated pregnant women (n=2456)	Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2: 52.70% Moderna mRNA-1273: 47.30%	Pregnancy outcomes: The cumulative risk of spontaneous abortion from 6 to <20 wk of gestation was 14.10% (95% CI, 12.10–16.10) in the primary analysis and 12.80% (95% CI, 10.80–14.80) in an analysis using direct maternal age standardization to the reference population.	The risk of spontaneous abortion after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination is consistent with the expected risk of spontaneous abortion. The mRNA COVID-19 vaccination is safe in pregnancy.

COVID-19 vaccine immunogenicity and effectiveness
Author(s), year	Study title	Study design	Study setting	Participants (n)	COVID-19 vaccine type, % received	Outcomes	Conclusions
Atyeo et al,²⁹ 2021	COVID-19 mRNA vaccines drive differential antibody Fc-functional profiles in pregnant, lactating, and nonpregnant women	Cohort study	Tertiary care centers in the United States	Vaccinated, pregnant (n=84), lactating (n=31), and nonpregnant (n=16) age-matched controls	Both doses of Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 or Moderna mRNA-1273	Vaccine-specific antibody levels were lower than those of nonpregnant women after the first vaccine dose, which normalized after the second dose.	There is a need to administer both doses of the COVID-19 vaccine in pregnant people to ensure full immunity is attained.
Collier et al,³⁰ 2021	Immunogenicity of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in pregnant and lactating women	Cohort study	Hospital in Massachusetts	Pregnant (n=30), lactating (n=16), and neither pregnant nor lactating women (n=57) who were vaccinated or had had confirmed COVID-19 infection in the past	Both doses of Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 or Moderna mRNA-1273	Pregnant, lactating, and nonpregnant women who were vaccinated developed antibody responses and T-cell responses against COVID-19 infection.	Pregnant and nonpregnant vaccinated women developed antibody responses and T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Gill and Jones,³¹ 2021	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies in neonatal cord blood after vaccination in pregnancy	Case study	Hospital in Minnesota	Pregnant woman vaccinated in the third trimester of pregnancy (n=1)	Both doses of Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine	Uncomplicated spontaneous vaginal delivery of a female neonate occurred at term. The patient's blood and neonatal cord blood were evaluated for SARS-CoV-2–specific antibodies. Both the patient and the neonate were positive for antibodies. There was transplacental transfer of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.	This is the first case report documenting transplacental transfer of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies after vaccination in the third trimester of pregnancy.
Gray et al,³² 2021	Coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine response in pregnant and lactating women: a cohort study	Cohort study	Academic medical centers in Massachusetts	Vaccinated pregnant (n=84), lactating (n=31), and nonpregnant women (n=16)	Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2: 49% Moderna mRNA-1273: 51%	Vaccines created robust humoral immunity in pregnant and lactating women, with immunogenicity similar to that of nonpregnant women (pregnant: median, 5.59; IQR, 4.68–5.89; lactating: median, 5.74; IQR, 5.06–6.22; nonpregnant: median, 5.62; IQR, 4.77–5.98; P=.24). Vaccine-generated antibodies were present in all umbilical cord blood and breast milk samples.	COVID-19 mRNA vaccines generated immunity in pregnant and lactating women, with immunogenicity similar to that observed in nonpregnant women. Immune transfer to neonates occurred via placental transfer and breast milk.
Mangat and Milosavljevic,³³ 2021	BNT162b2 vaccination during pregnancy protects both the mother and infant: anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies persistently positive in an infant at 6 months of age	Case study	Mayo Clinic Health System	Pregnant woman vaccinated with 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine at 22 and 26 wk of gestation (n=1)	Both doses of Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine	At 33 wk of gestation, a preterm neonate was delivered via emergency cesarean delivery. To evaluate for SARS-CoV-2–specific antibodies, a serologic test was done on the newborn at 6 wk, 3 mo, and 6 mo. Positive anti–SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies were detected in the infant at 6 wk, 3 mo, and 6 mo of age.	There was transplacental transfer of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies after vaccination during pregnancy, and the immune response persisted at the infant's 6 mo of age.
Mithal et al,³⁴ 2021	Cord blood antibodies following maternal coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination during pregnancy	Case series	Hospital in Chicago	Vaccinated pregnant women (n=27)	Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2: 64% Moderna mRNA-1273: 18% Unknown: 14%	Maternal plasma and cord blood testing showed that 96.29% had a positive SARS-CoV-2 IgG test at the time of delivery. Of 28 neonates, 25 had positive IgG tests. The observed mean IgG transfer ratio demonstrated that infant antibody levels were about equal to the maternal levels.	Pregnant women who received a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine during the third trimester had transplacental transfer of IgG to the infant.
Paul and Chad,³⁵ 2021	Newborn antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 detected in cord blood after maternal vaccination - a case report	Case study	Hospital in Florida	Vaccinated pregnant woman (n=1)	Single dose of Moderna mRNA-1273	COVID-19–naïve mother who had received a single dose of mRNA vaccine 3 wk before delivery delivered an infant with SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies detectable in cord blood.	SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies are detectable in a newborn's cord blood sample after only a single dose of the Moderna vaccine. Thus, there is potential for protection and infection risk reduction from SARS-CoV-2 with maternal vaccination.
Prabhu et al,³⁶ 2021	Antibody response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) messenger rna vaccination in pregnant women and transplacental passage into cord blood	Cross-sectional study	Academic medical center in New York	Vaccinated pregnant women (n=122)	Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2: 69.67% Moderna mRNA-1273: 30.32% Single dose of the COVID-19 vaccine received by 55 and both doses by 67 participants.	Cord blood testing of vaccinated pregnant women showed antibody production. Maternal antibody production started on the 5th day and transfer of immunity to the neonate on the 16th day after first vaccination. Maternal IgG-level increment was statistically significant. The association of maternal IgG levels with cord blood IgG levels was also statistically significant.	Pregnant women who received a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine had an immune response, and there was transplacental transfer of IgG to the neonate.
Trostle et al,³⁷ 2021	High antibody levels in cord blood from pregnant women vaccinated against COVID-19	Cohort study	Academic medical center in New York	Vaccinated pregnant women (n=36)	Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2: 72% Moderna mRNA-1273: 28%	Cord blood testing after delivery showed transplacental antibody transfer, with cord blood specimens having high levels of anti-S antibodies.	COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy confers high levels of antibody transfer in the neonates, suggesting immune protection against SARS-CoV-2.
Yang et al,³⁸ 2021	Association of gestational age at COVID-19 vaccination, history of sars-cov-2 infection, and a vaccine booster dose with maternal and umbilical cord antibody levels at delivery	Cohort study	Medical center in New York	Vaccinated pregnant women (n=1359)	Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2: 75.42% Booster: 1.80% Moderna mRNA-1273: 22.15% Janssen JNJ-78436735: 2.43% Booster: 0.70%	The highest maternal and umbilical cord blood IgG antibody levels occurred with early-third-trimester vaccination. However, neonates born to women fully vaccinated early in the first trimester had similar or higher cord IgG levels than neonates born to women who were vaccinated in the third trimester but not fully vaccinated before delivery.	A complete COVID-19 vaccination course and a third-trimester booster dose were associated with the highest maternal and umbilical cord antibody levels.

COVID-19 vaccine acceptance
Author(s), year	Study title	Study design	Study setting	Participants (n)	COVID-19 vaccine types, % received	Outcomes	Conclusions
Ahlers-Schmidt et al,³⁹ 2020	Concerns of women regarding pregnancy and childbirth during the COVID-19 pandemic	Cohort study	Sedgwick County prenatal programs in Kansas	Pregnant (n=46) and postpartum women (n=68) enrolled in prenatal programs	Not stated	Vaccine acceptance: If a COVID-19 vaccine became available, 47.80% (n=54) were interested in receiving it, 23% were not, and 29.20% were unsure. Concerns were side effects/ sickness (55.90%), cost (5.10%), and the perception of it being unnecessary (3.40%).	More than half of the participants would not receive or were unsure of receiving COVID-19 vaccination.
Battarbee et al,⁴⁰ 2022	Attitudes toward COVID-19 illness and COVID-19 vaccination among pregnant women: a cross-sectional multicenter study during August-December 2020	Cross-sectional survey study	Salt Lake City, UT; Birmingham, AL; and New York, NY	Pregnant women (n=915)	Not stated	Vaccine acceptance: 41% of pregnant women were willing to get a COVID-19 vaccine. The major concern was vaccine safety (82%). Receipt of the influenza vaccine in the past year was associated with higher odds of vaccine acceptance (aOR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.50–3.00). Black and Hispanic women had lower odds of accepting a vaccine than White women (aOR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.20–0.60 for both).	More than half of the pregnant participants were unwilling to receive vaccination. Minorities and those without previous influenza vaccination were less likely to accept the COVID-19 vaccine.
Desai et al,⁴¹ 2021	COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in pregnancy	Cross-sectional survey study	Perinatal Center at the Pomona Valley Hospital in California	Pregnant women (n=124)	Not stated	Vaccine uptake: Pregnant women who had received the annual influenza vaccine were significantly more likely to get the COVID-19 vaccine (50% vs 9.70%; P<.05). Those who had previously discussed the COVID-19 vaccine with a physician were significantly more likely to receive the vaccine (45.80% vs 26%; P=.04).	Pregnant women who discussed the COVID-19 vaccine with a healthcare provider were statistically more willing to receive the vaccine.
Hirshberg et al,⁴² 2021	Offering on-site COVID-19 vaccination to high-risk obstetrical patients: initial findings	Prepost study	Obstetrical clinic at a single academic medical center in Missouri and Illinois	High-risk obstetrical patients (n=93)	Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine	Vaccine uptake: Of 32 eligible patients counseled before on-site vaccine availability, 1 (3%) received vaccination off-site. Of 55 eligible patients counseled after on-site vaccine availability, 2 (3%) received on-site vaccination, and 4 (7%) proceeded with vaccination off-site. On-site vaccination availability did not significantly increase vaccination rates (3% vs 11%; P=.22).	Vaccine hesitancy, not availability, is a critical driver of low vaccination rates in high-risk obstetrical patients.
Huddleston et al,⁴³ 2021	COVID-19 vaccination patterns and attitudes among american pregnant individuals	Cross-sectional survey study	Online survey of US pregnant women	Pregnant women at <10 weeks’ gestation (n=2506)	Not stated	Vaccine acceptance: Among the unvaccinated, only 35.70% reported vaccine acceptance. Predictors of lower odds of vaccination were Black race and being counseled not to vaccinate by a provider.	There was substantial vaccine hesitancy among unvaccinated respondents.
Levy et al,⁴⁴ 2021	Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy: a survey study	Cross-sectional survey study	Single ultrasound unit in New York	Pregnant women (n=653)	Not stated	Vaccine acceptance: 58.30% of pregnant women reported vaccine acceptance. Among those who declined vaccination, common concerns were risk to the fetus or neonate (45.80%) and vaccine side effects (17.70%). African American race, Hispanic ethnicity, low education, and declining the influenza vaccine were associated with nonacceptance of COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy.	The COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate of 58.4% was consistent with the acceptance of other recommended vaccines in pregnancy (DTaP, influenza) and is associated with patient characteristics and vaccine history.
Razzaghi et al,⁴⁵ 2021	COVID-19 vaccination coverage among pregnant women during pregnancy —eight integrated healthcare organizations, United States, December 14, 2020–May 8, 2021	Cohort study	8 health systems (5 Kaiser Permanente health systems; Denver Health; HealthPartners; and Marshfield Clinic in Washington, California, Colorado, Wisconsin	Total population in the registry (N=135,968) Pregnant women who received ≥1 dose of COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy (n=22,197)	Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2: 8.7% Moderna mRNA-1273: 7.0% Janssen JNJ-78436735: 0.6%	Vaccine uptake: 16.3% of pregnant women identified in CDC's Vaccine Safety Datalink had received ≥1 dose of a COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy. Vaccination was lowest among Hispanic (11.90%), Black (6%), and women aged 18–24 y (5.50%). Concerns were limited safety data in pregnancy and possibility of harm to the fetus.	COVID-19 vaccination coverage is low among pregnant women.
Sutton et al,⁴⁶ 2021	COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among pregnant, breastfeeding, and nonpregnant reproductive-aged women	Cross-sectional online survey study	Healthcare institution in New York	Pregnant (n=216), nonpregnant (n=656), and breastfeeding women (n=122) (including patients, providers, and staff) at a healthcare institution	Not stated	Vaccine acceptance: Pregnant women had the lowest rate of vaccine acceptance (44.30%; P<.05) compared with other groups. Nonpregnant women were most likely to accept vaccination (n=457, 76.20%; P<.05), with breastfeeding women being the second most likely (55.20%). Working in healthcare was not associated with vaccine acceptance.	Pregnant respondents were more likely to decline vaccination than nonpregnant and breastfeeding women.
Sznajder et al,⁴⁷ 2022	Covid-19 vaccine acceptance and associated factors among pregnant women in Pennsylvania 2020	Cross-sectional online survey study	Academic medical center in Pennsylvania	Pregnant women (n=196)	Not stated	Vaccine acceptance: 65% of pregnant respondents were willing to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Being employed full-time (aOR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.02–4.81), being overloaded/stressed (aOR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.02–4.68), and having had an influenza vaccine in the past year (aOR, 4.82; 95% CI, 2.17–10.72) were significantly associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance.	Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance included having had an influenza vaccine in the previous year, being employed full-time, and a general feeling of being overloaded.
Townsel et al,⁴⁸ 2021	COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among reproductive-aged female tier 1A healthcare workers in a United States Medical Center	Cross-sectional online survey study	Academic medical center in Michigan	Pregnant (n=245), TTC (n=891), and breastfeeding (n=177) female employees at a medical center	Not stated	Vaccine acceptance: Pregnant participants were 6 times more likely to delay and twice as likely to decline COVID-19 vaccination (P<.05) compared with other women of reproductive age. The highest rates of concern were observed for safety and effectiveness of the vaccine.	Pregnant women had significantly higher rates of declining or delaying COVID-19 vaccination than other women of reproductive age.
Wang et al,⁴⁹ 2022	Perceptions and knowledge of COVID-19 vaccine safety and efficacy among vaccinated and nonvaccinated obstetrical healthcare workers	Cross-sectional online survey study	Tertiary care institution in Pennsylvania	Vaccinated pregnant HCWs (n=65) and nonvaccinated pregnant HCWs (n=18)	At least 1 dose of Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 or Moderna mRNA-1273: 78.30%	Vaccine acceptance: Vaccine receipt was 16.90%. Pregnancy status influenced 8/18 (44.4%) nonvaccinated HCWs to not receive the COVID-19 vaccine, but influenced 1/65 (1.50%) vaccinated HCWs to receive the vaccine.	Pregnancy status, especially the uncertainty of COVID-19 vaccination safety in pregnancy, was a major reason for vaccine refusal among nonvaccinated HCWs.

aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CI, confidence interval; DtaP, diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis; HCW, healthcare worker; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IQR, interquartile range; ITP, immune thrombocytopenia; mRNA, messenger RNA; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; SGA, small for gestational age; TTC, trying to conceive; WHO, World Health Organization.

Rawal. COVID-19 vaccination among pregnant people in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2022.