Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants by Study Arm (N = 123)
|
Group Visit (N = 51) |
Usual Care (N = 72) |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age (years), (mean, SD) | 55.1 (11.8) | 55.4 (11.6) | 0.87 |
| Female (n, %) | 36 (70.6%) | 47 (65.3%) | 0.54 |
| Race/ethnicity (n, %) | 0.27 | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 16 (31.4%) | 33 (45.8%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 22 (43.1%) | 24 (33.3%) | |
| Hispanic or Latino | 9 (17.6%) | 13 (18.1%) | |
| Native American | 4 (7.8%) | 2 (2.8%) | |
| Language (n, %) | 0.51 | ||
| English | 44 (86.3%) | 64 (88.9%) | |
| Spanish | 7 (13.7%) | 7 (9.7%) | |
| Educational attainment (n, %) | |||
| 8th grade or less | 4 (7.8%) | - | |
| Some high school | 7 (13.7%) | - | |
| High school diploma or GED | 14 (27.5%) | - | - |
| Some college | 8 (15.7%) | - | - |
| 2-year degree | 4 (7.8%) | - | - |
| College graduate | 4 (7.8%) | - | - |
| Ever had diabetes education (n,%) | 20 (39.2%) | ||
| Income (n,%) | 0.28 | ||
| < $25,000/year | 31 (60.8%) | 49 (68.1%) | |
| ≥ $25,000/year | 8 (15.7%) | 21 (29.2%) | |
| Insurance (n,%) | 0.05 | ||
| Medicaid | 16 (31.4%) | 15 (20.8%) | |
| Medicare | 13 (25.5%) | 10 (13.9%) | |
| Dual-eligible | 2 (3.9%) | 13 (18.1%) | |
| Private | 9 (17.6%) | 20 (27.8%) | |
| Self-Pay/No Insurance | 11 (21.6%) | 14 (19.4%) | |
| Health measures | |||
| Family history of diabetes (n,%) | 38 (74.5%) | 38 (52.8%) | 0.48 |
| Time since diagnosis (years), (mean, SD) | 13.3 (9.4) | 6.3 (4.3) | < 0.0001 |
| General health (n,%) | |||
| Very Good/Excellent | 3 (5.9%) | - | |
| Fair/Poor/Good | 40 (78.4%) | - | |
| Clinical measures | |||
| Glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c) (%), (mean, SD) | 10.2 (1.7%) | 10.2 (1.9%) | 0.81 |
| Body mass index (BMI), (mean, SD) | 37.4 (11.4) | 36.9 (8.6) | 0.81 |
| Weight (lbs), (mean, SD) | 221.7 (63.8) | 223.8 (61.2) | 0.86 |
| Low density lipoprotein (LDL) (mg/dL)(mean, SD) | 113.1 (47.2) | 106.2 (41.7) | 0.44 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), (mean, SD) | 135.2 (21.8) | 138.7 (26.9) | 0.46 |
| Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg (n, %) | 20 (39.2%) | 29 (40.3%) | 0.66 |
| Any complications (n,%) | 0.08 | ||
| Yes | 25 (49.0%) | 24 (33.3%) | |
| No | 26 (51.0%) | 48 (66.7%) | |
| Complications (n,%) | |||
| Retinopathy | 8 (15.7%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0.003 |
| Neuropathy | 6 (11.8%) | 14 (19.4%) | 0.26 |
| Amputation | 2 (3.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.09 |
| Nephropathy | 9 (17.6%) | 6 (8.3%) | 0.12 |
| Heart disease | 7 (13.7%) | 9 (12.5%) | 0.84 |
| Stroke | 1 (2.0%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0.80 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (4.2%) | 0.14 |
| Dental disease | 3 (5.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.04 |
| Heart failure | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0.40 |
| Medications | |||
| On insulin (n, %) | 26 (51.0%) | - | |
| On other diabetes medications (n, %) | 41 (80.3%) | - | |
| Healthcare utilization | |||
| Had an emergency room visit in the past 6 months (n, %) | 11 (21.6%) | 10 (13.9%) | 0.10 |
| Had a hospitalization in the past 6 months (n, %) | 7 (13.7%) | 10 (13.9%) | 0.21 |
| Had a primary care visit in the past 6 months (n, %) | 47 (92.2%) | 65 (90.3%) | 0.72 |