Table 3.
Change in Patient-Reported Self-care, Knowledge, Empowerment, Distress and Diabetes-Related Quality of Life (N = 51)
| Baseline (N = 51) |
6 Months (N = 30) |
Baseline to 6 months adjusted | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (CI) | P-value | |
| Number of days in the past weeka: | ||||
| Followed healthful eating plan | 3.26 (2.43) | 4.82 (1.44) | 1.70 (1.30—2.09) | < 0.0001 |
| Ate 5 + Servings fruits and vegetables | 3.82 (2.21) | 4.61 (1.85) | 0.73 (0.23—1.24) | 0.009 |
| Ate high fat foods | 3.67 (2.22) | 3.36 (2.11) | -0.28 (-0.91—0.34) | 0.38 |
| Checked feet | 3.23 (2.65) | 3.50 (2.39) | 0.30 (-0.20—0.80) | 0.24 |
| Exercised | 2.61 (2.25) | 3.41 (2.58) | 0.56 (0.00—1.12) | 0.06 |
| Checked blood sugar | 4.77 (2.41) | 6.09 (1.23) | 1.34 (1.00—1.68) | < 0.0001 |
| Took insulin injections | 6.35 (1.43) | 5.82 (1.74) | -0.52 (-1.18—0.14) | 0.15 |
| Took other diabetes medications | 6.32 (1.45) | 5.70 (1.98) | -0.49 (-1.12—0.14) | 0.14 |
| Diabetes Knowledgeb (10 is best) | 6.93 (1.92) | 7.50 (1.62) | 0.79 (0.49—1.10) | < 0.0001 |
| Diabetes Empowermentc (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree) | 3.97 (0.86) | 4.30 (0.53) | 0.39 (0.23—0.54) | < 0.0001 |
| Diabetes Distress Scaled (1 = not a problem to 6 = a very serious problem) | 2.36 (1.18) | 1.85 (1.13) | -0.54 (-0.84—-0.24) | 0.002 |
| Emotional Burden | 2.62 (1.43) | 2.03 (1.41) | -0.60 (-0.98—-0.23) | 0.004 |
| Physician-related Distress | 1.58 (1.21) | 1.29 (0.95) | -0.43 (-0.66—-0.19) | 0.002 |
| Regimen-related Distress | 2.98 (1.47) | 2.04 (1.24) | -0.84 (-1.17—-0.51) | < 0.0001 |
| Interpersonal Distress | 1.86 (1.32) | 1.98 (1.45) | 0.01 (-0.37—0.38) | 0.98 |
| Diabetes-related Quality of Lifee | 2.25 (0.70) | 1.93 (0.51) | -0.23 (-0.38—-0.08) | 0.007 |
| Dissatisfaction with glycemic stability (1 = very satisfied to 5 = very dissatisfied) | 2.29 (0.81) | 1.81 (0.63) | -0.34 (-0.50—-0.19) | 0.0004 |
| Social worry (1 = never to 5 = all the time) | 2.17 (0.79) | 2.03 (0.64) | -0.07 (-0.29—0.15) | 0.55 |
For each measure, the adjusted mean difference is from a linear mixed model that adjusts for the random effects of patients nested within clinics, and repeated effects of the measure over time. In addition, each model adjusts for the effects of time, baseline outcomes, and interaction between baseline outcome and time. All participants who completed the baseline interview and had any follow-up data
aSummary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities[17]
bDiabetes Knowledge Questionnaire[16]
cDiabetes Self-empowerment Scale[18]
dDiabetes Distress Scale[19]
eDiabetes-related Quality of Life[20]