Table 1.
Maternal Baseline Characteristics by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity Status
| Baseline characteristics | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No GDM, no obesity | GDM, no obesity |
No GDM, obesity | GDM, obesity | P-value | ||
| Total N (%) | 4970 | 3873 (78) | 830 (17) | 189 (3.8) | 78 (1.6) | |
| Age (years) Mean (SD) | 28.5 (4.3) | 30.3 (4.5) | 30.4 (5.0) | 31.4 (5.7) | <0.001 | |
| Marital status N (%) | ||||||
| Married | 3863 (99.7) | 829 (99.9) | 189 (100) | 78 (100) | 0.973 | |
| Divorced, separated, or single | 10 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Highest education level attained N (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| No school attended/Primary | 57 (1.5) | 13 (1.6) | 9 (4.8) | 5 (6.4) | ||
| Secondary | 1115 (28.8) | 238 (28.7) | 78 (41.3) | 38 (48.7) | ||
| Professional/technical training | 1045 (27.0) | 223 (26.9) | 44 (23.3) | 16 (20.5) | ||
| University | 1656 (42.8) | 356 (42.9) | 58 (30.7) | 19 (24.4) | ||
| Occupation N (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Managerial/professional/technical | 1420 (36.7) | 287 (34.6) | 44 (23.3) | 13 (16.7) | ||
| Clerical/services/sales | 1063 (27.5) | 246 (29.6) | 60 (31.8) | 22 (28.2) | ||
| Skilled/unskilled manual labour | 555 (14.3) | 114 (13.7) | 35 (18.5) | 13 (16.7) | ||
| Housework | 708 (18.3) | 146 (17.6) | 40 (21.2) | 26 (33.3) | ||
| Student/other | 127 (3.3) | 37 (4.5) | 10 (5.3) | 4 (5.1) | ||
| Smoking N (%) | 1 (0.03) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.963 | |
|
Gestational weight gain (until recruitment) Mean (SD) |
||||||
| Gestational weight gain (kg) | 5.0 (3.0) | 5.2 (2.8) | 6.8 (4.4) | 6.9 (4.0) | <0.001 | |
| Average weekly gestational weight gain (kg/week) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.2) | <0.001 | |
|
Gestational age at birth (weeks) Median (IQR) |
39 (38-40) | 39 (38-40) | 39 (38-40) | 38 (38-40) | <0.001 | |
| Medical history | ||||||
| Hypertension N (%) | 8 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 4 (2.1) | 3 (3.9) | <0.001 | |
| Obstetric history | ||||||
| Parity N (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Nulliparous | 2133 (55.1) | 426 (51.3) | 69 (36.5) | 31 (39.7) | ||
| Multiparous a | 1740 (44.9) | 404 (48.7) | 120 (63.5) | 47 (60.3) | ||
| Among women who had previous birth/s | ||||||
| Total N (%) | 2304 | 1735 (75.3) | 403 (17.5) | 120 (5.2) | 46 (2.0) | |
|
History of macrosomia N (%) |
33 (1.9) | 13 (3.2) | 7 (5.8) | 5 (10.9) | <0.001 | |
| History of preterm N (%) | 198 (11.4) | 50 (12.4) | 11 (9.2) | 7 (15.2) | 0.682 | |
| History of neonatal death N (%) | 97 (5.6) | 27 (6.7) | 6 (5) | 4 (8.7) | 0.680 | |
GDM (diagnosis of) Gestational Diabetes Mellitus; Baseline characteristics of women with and without GDM. P-values used two-tailed test at the 5% significance level
a Includes women who had 1-4 previous births
Obesity defined as BMI ≥ 27.5 kg/m2