Table 1.

Research status of PhG bioactivity.

Bioactivity	PhG	Disease Model	Mechanism of Action	References
Anti-inflammatory	Acteoside	Alcohol-induced HepG2 cells	the inhibition of cytokine production and downregulation of NFκβ/Iκβ signaling was observed	[26]
	Echinacoside	Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice	The expression of growth factor TGF-B1 in cultured intestinal epithelial cells was stimulated	[27]
Anti-aging	Echinacoside	β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced toxicity of Caenorhabditis elegans	ECH triggered DAF-16 nuclear localization and upregulated two of its downstream targets: sod-3 and hsp-16.2	[28]
	Acteoside, AE	SAMP8 mice	an increase in the number of helper lymphocytes and the regulation of the dynamic balance of Th1 and Th2 immune inflammatory cytokines was found	[29]
Anticancer	Salidroside	The human breast cancer cell line MCF-7	the downregulation of the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was seen, thereby inhibiting cancer cell invasion and metastasis	[30]
	Salidroside	Bladder cancer cells	Through the autophagy/PI3K/Akt and MMP-9 signaling pathway, viability was reduced	[31]
Analgesic	PhGs of C. deserticola (component: Echinacosid, acteoside and tubuloside B)	Glutamate and capsaicin models (injected into the plantar region of mice)	Could be mediated through ionotropic metabotropic receptors, which regulate the activity of TRPV1	[32]
Immunomodulatory	PhGs of C. deserticola	Dendritic cells (DCs) of mice	Enhanced the expression level of CD86 and MHCII on the surface of CD11c++DCs	[33]