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. 2022 Feb 24;10:796111. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.796111

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Copyright © 2022 Litvinova, Shupletsova, Khaziakhmatova, Daminova, Kudryavtseva, Yurova, Malashchenko, Todosenko, Popova, Litvinov, Korotkova, Sukhorukov, Gow, Weissman, Atochina-Vasserman and Khlusov.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Internalization of synthetic microcapsules by hMSCs. Representative transmission electron micrographs of native hMSCs in the absence of microcapsules (A) and stepwise internalization of microcapsules 24 h post-phagocytosis at a 1:10 cell/microcapsule ratio. (B) Primary contacts of cells with microcapsules. (C,D) Capturing of microcapsules by filopodia or cells bodies, respectively. (E) Dipping of microcapsules into the cell cytoplasm. (F) Microcapsules inside a cell. Designations: C, microcapsules; N, nucleus; F, filopodia; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; V, vacuoles; M, mitochondria; SG, secretory granules; MT, microtubules; MVB, multivesicular bodies; MV, microvesicles.