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. 2022 Feb 24;10:796111. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.796111

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Copyright © 2022 Litvinova, Shupletsova, Khaziakhmatova, Daminova, Kudryavtseva, Yurova, Malashchenko, Todosenko, Popova, Litvinov, Korotkova, Sukhorukov, Gow, Weissman, Atochina-Vasserman and Khlusov.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Microcapsule internalization induces dose- and time-dependent ultrastructural alterations of hMSCs. Representative transmission electron micrographs of hMSCs with microcapsules at 24 and 72 h post-phagocytosis at various cell/microcapsule ratios (1:10, 1:20, and 1:45). At 24 h post-phagocytosis hMSCs displaying (A) spindle-like shape at a 1:10 cell/microcapsules ratio, (B) irregular shape at a 1:20 ratio, or (C) significantly disrupted cells at a 1:45 ratio. The microcapsules were located both inside and outside the cells (A–C). At 72 h post-phagocytosis hMSCs displaying (D) spindle-like shape, (E) irregular shape, or (F) were damaged. Designations: C, microcapsules; N, nucleus; V, vacuole; M, mitochondria; M, mitochondrium; CR, residual cytoplasm; CR, cytoplasmic remnants; CM, cell membrane.