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. 2022 Feb 22;14(5):1100. doi: 10.3390/cancers14051100

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Molecular mechanisms involved in the effect of lupeol on cancer cells. PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PDK1: pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1, Akt: Protein kinase B, p53: tumor protein, Bax: Bcl-2 associated X protein, Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2, EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor, NF-_KB: nuclear factor light chain enhancer of activated B cells, ROS: reactive oxygen species, Apaf1: apoptotic protease activating factor 1, Wnt: wingless-related integration site, CLDN1: claudin 1, CCNA2: cyclin A2, Ras: rat sarcoma, Raf: rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma, MEK: mitogen-activated protein kinase, ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase, EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor, STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3.