Table 3.
The role of vitamins in glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy.
| Name | Chemical Structures | Model | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin E |
|
HeLa cells stably transfected with mouse Cx43 (HeLa-Cx43), or Cx45 (HeLa-Cx45) | ↓ connexin43 and connexin45 ↓ atrogin-1 immunoreactivity ↓ oxidative stress ↓ mitochondrial dysfunction ↓ atrophy in the skeletal muscle |
[62] |
| Adult male mice (skeletal myofibers-deficient for Cx43 and Cx45 expression) |
↓ connexin43/45 hemichannel activity | [62] | ||
| Broiler Chicken | ↑ growth of chickens ↓ lipid peroxidation ↓ saturation level of fatty acids in the skeletal muscle |
[61] | ||
| Vitamin D |
|
Wister rats | ↓ FoxO1 transcriptional activity ↑ soleus muscle mass |
[68] |
| C2C12 myoblasts | ↓ FoxO1 target atrophy genes (atrogin-1, cathepsin L) |
[66] | ||
| Retinoic acid |
|
C2C12 myotubes | ↓ 11beta-HSD1 ↓ GR transactivation |
[72] |
| Vitamin C |
|
SMP30-KO mice | ↑ muscle mass (gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior, plantaris, and extensor digitorum longus muscles) ↑ cross-sectional area of the soleus muscle ↑ physical performance (grip strength, treadmill, and home cage activity) ↓ ubiquitin ligases (atrogin-1/MAFbx, MuRF1) |
[73] |