Table 5.
Volatile compounds identified and quantified (μg/kg) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of the control and reduced-salt dry sausages with and without yeast inoculation on days 0 and 12.
| Volatile Compound |
CAS | LRI | CT-0d | CT-12d | CR-12d | PK-12d | TD-12d | DH-12d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aldehydes | |||||||||
| V1 | Hexanal | 66-25-1 | 1084 | n.d. | 8.58 ± 0.30 c | 12.03 ± 1.61 c | 35.79 ± 2.19 a | 11.93 ± 0.38 c | 25.05 ± 0.85 b |
| V2 | Nonanal | 124-19-6 | 1385 | 1.43 ± 0.08 e | 10.50 ± 0.54 c | 16.25 ± 1.40 b | 20.83 ± 0.55 a | 11.31 ± 0.45 c | 7.74 ± 0.55 d |
| V3 | Tridecanal | 10486-19-8 | 1767 | 1.39 ± 0.11 e | 2.04 ± 0.06 d | 2.07 ± 0.10 d | 3.77 ± 0.16 b | 3.02 ± 0.18 c | 4.89 ± 0.20 a |
| V4 | Cinnamaldehyde | 104-55-2 | 2170 | 9.48 ± 0.51 a | 3.52 ± 0.10 d | 2.08 ± 0.06 e | 4.41 ± 0.13 c | 2.57 ± 0.06 e | 6.41 ± 0.14 b |
| Total | 12.30 ± 0.18 f | 24.64 ± 0.16 e | 32.43 ± 0.33 c | 64.80 ± 0.74 a | 28.83 ± 0.34 d | 44.09 ± 0.52 b | |||
| Ketones | |||||||||
| V5 | 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone | 513-86-0 | 1299 | 3.86 ± 0.10 b | 24.29 ± 1.81 a | 23.96 ± 0.78 a | 23.19± 0.33 a | 24.75 ± 0.30 a | 24.41 ± 0.85 a |
| V6 | 2-Nonanone | 821-55-6 | 1396 | 5.78 ± 0.30 a | 4.19 ± 0.23 c | 3.30 ± 0.18 d | 4.11 ± 0.27 c | 5.02 ± 0.33 b | 4.16 ± 0.21 c |
| V7 | 2,3-Pentanedione | 600-14-6 | 1120 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 1.79 ± 0.09 a | n.d. | n.d. |
| V8 | 1-Octen-3-one | 4312-99-6 | 1283 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 1.43 ± 0.04 b | 1.57 ± 0.06 b | 2.09 ± 0.07 a |
| V9 | 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one | 110-93-0 | 1544 | 17.20 ± 0.66 a | 9.47 ± 0.45 b | 5.59 ± 0.14 c | 3.82 ± 0.16 d | n.d. | n.d. |
| Total | 26.84 ± 0.71 c | 37.95 ± 2.21 a | 32.85 ± 1.19 b | 34.34 ± 0.45 ab | 31.34 ± 0.79 bc | 30.66 ± 1.17 bc | |||
| Alcohols | |||||||||
| V10 | Ethanol | 64-17-5 | 928 | 109.89 ± 4.30 b | 67.16 ± 0.95 e | 69.72 ± 1.15 e | 80.14 ± 1.23 d | 88.62 ± 2.43 c | 143.23 ± 3.45 a |
| V11 | 2,3-Butanediol | 513-85-9 | 1590 | n.d. | 10.96 ± 0.38 c | 24.50 ±1.16 a | 25.29 ± 1.61 a | 17.83 ± 1.53 b | 26.96 ± 1.92 a |
| V12 | 1-Octen-3-ol | 3391-86-4 | 1451 | 0.77 ± 0.06 e | 3.10 ± 0.16 d | 3.15 ± 0.16 d | 7.84 ± 0.38 a | 4.66 ± 0.20 c | 6.82 ± 0.41 b |
| V13 | 2-Heptanol | 543-49-7 | 1285 | 2.30 ± 0.16 bc | 2.07 ± 0.23 cd | 1.59 ± 0.08 e | 2.52 ± 0.07 b | 1.87 ± 0.04 de | 3.05 ± 0.14 a |
| V14 | 3-Phenyl-1-propanol | 122-97-4 | 1715 | 6.00 ± 0.21 a | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| V15 | Benzyl alcohol | 100-51-6 | 1618 | n.d. | 5.58 ± 0.24 a | 3.18 ± 0.13 c | 3.78 ± 0.11 b | 5.46 ± 0.20 a | 3.51 ± 0.08 bc |
| V16 | Decyl alcohol | 112-30-1 | 1300 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 14.39 ± 1.37 a |
| V17 | Cineole | 470-82-6 | 1224 | 120.64 ± 4.65 a | 82.64 ± 2.28 c | 66.79 ± 1.92 d | 92.12 ± 3.86 b | 83.14 ± 2.94 bc | 75.24 ± 3.69 cd |
| V18 | Linalool | 78-70-6 | 1552 | 117.24 ± 3.41 bc | 119.31 ± 3.82 b | 101.63 ± 4.92 d | 126.70 ± 3.28 b | 107.17 ± 3.35 cd | 168.38 ± 3.78 a |
| V19 | Geraniol | 106-24-1 | 1849 | 5.12 ± 0.16 bc | 8.99 ± 0.83 a | 5.25 ± 0.69 bc | 4.07 ± 0.31 c | 4.00 ± 0.25 c | 6.44 ± 0.51 b |
| V20 | (-)-α-Terpineol | 10482-56-1 | 1517 | 22.59 ± 1.32 a | 12.92 ± 0.69 c | 9.91 ± 0.44 d | 12.48 ± 0.75 c | 11.60 ± 0.57 cd | 16.21 ± 1.16 b |
| V21 | (-)-Terpinen-4-ol | 20126-76-5 | 1466 | 44.14 ± 2.09 b | 37.81 ± 1.71 cd | 30.07 ± 0.98 e | 40.04 ± 1.19 bc | 35.83 ± 1.34 d | 51.78 ± 1.43 a |
| Total | 428.69 ± 4.78 b | 350.54 ± 6.29 d | 315.79 ± 5.89 e | 394.98 ± 6.75 c | 360.18 ± 4.21 d | 516.01 ± 7.81 a | |||
| Acids | |||||||||
| V22 | Acetic acid | 64-19-7 | 1450 | 5.49 ± 0.48 e | 90.27 ± 1.81 d | 183.34 ± 4.85 bc | 191.23 ± 5.63 b | 171.00 ± 5.32 c | 227.66 ± 5.94 a |
| V23 | Isovaleric acid | 503-74-2 | 1665 | 2.48 ± 0.18 c | 5.15 ± 0.41 b | 5.39 ± 0.35 b | 6.37 ± 0.81 b | 6.41 ± 0.76 b | 9.23 ± 0.88 a |
| V24 | Heptanoic acid | 111-14-8 | 2168 | n.d. | 2.22 ± 0.33 c | 1.24 ± 0.16 c | 4.82 ± 0.57 b | 6.26 ± 0.64 b | 15.06 ± 0.92 a |
| V25 | Nonanoic acid | 112-05-0 | 2202 | 0.88 ± 0.10 c | 1.28 ± 0.18 c | 1.30 ± 0.13 c | 2.94 ± 0.20 b | 0.92 ± 0.07 c | 3.73 ± 0.23 a |
| V26 | Butanoic acid | 107-92-6 | 1477 | 3.62 ± 0.18 e | 4.92 ± 0.42 de | 6.80 ± 0.25 bc | 8.53 ± 0.61 b | 6.41 ± 0.82 cd | 12.18 ± 1.17 a |
| V27 | Octanoic acid | 124-07-2 | 2083 | n.d. | 8.57 ± 0.45 b | 8.18 ± 0.71 b | 8.61 ± 0.76 b | 10.11 ± 0.86 b | 18.75 ±1.19 a |
| Total | 12.47 ± 0.37 e | 112.41 ± 4.30 d | 206.25 ± 6.01 bc | 222.50 ± 6.82 b | 201.11 ± 3.63 c | 286.61 ± 7.45 a | |||
| Esters | |||||||||
| V28 | Ethyl acetate | 141-78-6 | 907 | 1.21 ± 0.13 d | 4.07 ± 0.25 d | 18.45 ± 0.93 b | 16.34 ± 0.99 b | 23.12 ±1.12 a | 11.87 ± 0.66 c |
| V29 | Ethyl lactate | 97-64-3 | 1358 | n.d. | n.d. | 5.13 ± 0.44 c | 20.27 ± 0.76 b | 21.42 ± 0.85 b | 32.52 ± 0.61 a |
| V30 | Methyl butyrate | 623-42-7 | 963 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 7.84 ± 0.52 b | 1.05 ± 0.08 c | 9.31 ± 0.68 a |
| V31 | Ethyl butyrate | 105-54-4 | 1028 | n.d. | 2.92 ± 0.35 c | 3.94 ± 0.44 bc | 4.53 ± 0.28 b | 4.26 ± 0.40 bc | 12.14 ± 0.88 a |
| V32 | Methyl hexanoate | 106-70-7 | 1188 | 13.66 ± 0.59 d | 25.62 ± 0.99 c | 39.92 ± 1.34 b | 43.47 ±1.63 b | 28.98 ± 1.46 c | 64.29 ± 2.26 a |
| V33 | Ethyl hexanoate | 123-66-0 | 1120 | 18.71 ± 0.72 e | 51.85 ± 2.29 c | 42.34 ± 1.34 d | 74.67 ± 1.43 b | 72.45 ± 1.67 b | 159.18 ± 3.78 a |
| V34 | Ethyl heptanoate | 106-30-9 | 1328 | 1.08 ± 0.17 b | 3.30 ± 0.37 a | 2.71 ± 0.38 a | n.d. | 3.01 ± 0.42 a | n.d. |
| V35 | Ethyl caprylate | 106-32-1 | 1437 | 1.43 ± 0.23 d | 6.59 ± 0.54 c | 7.59 ± 0.61 c | 10.08 ± 0.82 b | 11.36 ± 0.59 b | 20.04 ± 1.00 a |
| V36 | Bornyl acetate | 76-49-3 | 1288 | 10.92 ± 0.41 c | 12.30 ± 0.48 abc | 9.09 ± 0.59 d | 11.57 ± 0.64 bc | 13.53 ± 0.57 a | 13.19 ± 0.93 ab |
| V37 | Ethyl caprate | 110-38-3 | 1634 | n.d. | 5.18 ± 0.47 c | 5.73 ± 0.55 c | 6.16 ± 0.50 c | 8.40 ± 0.96 b | 11.22 ± 0.96 a |
| V38 | Methyl lactate | 547-64-8 | 1293 | n.d. | 0.96 ± 0.08 c | 4.14 ± 0.44 b | n.d. | 5.19 ± 0.31 b | 6.68 ± 0.72 a |
| Total | 47.01 ± 1.74 e | 112.79 ± 3.49 d | 139.04 ± 0.98 c | 194.93 ± 3.56 b | 192.77 ± 2.96 b | 340.44 ± 5.98 a | |||
| Terpenes | |||||||||
| V39 | Sabinene | 3387-41-5 | 1160 | 2.84 ± 0.52 c | 11.25 ± 0.92 b | 8.43 ± 0.95 b | 10.71 ± 1.13 b | 11.02 ± 0.86 b | 15.31 ± 0.93 a |
| V40 | Myrcene | 123-35-3 | 1145 | 8.38 ± 0.75 b | 12.34 ± 0.93 a | 7.84 ± 0.98 b | 9.31 ± 1.17 b | 12.09 ± 1.09 a | 12.17 ± 0.95 a |
| V41 | (+)-Dipentene | 5989-27-5 | 1203 | 76.70 ± 3.11 e | 174.82 ± 6.01 ab | 126.56 ± 5.16 d | 152.97 ± 4.27 c | 181.89 ± 4.51 a | 162.42 ± 4.45 bc |
| V42 | γ-Terpinene | 99-85-4 | 1178 | 15.05 ± 0.54 f | 35.65 ± 0.62 b | 22.08 ± 0.27 e | 25.18 ± 0.33 d | 34.10 ± 0.44 c | 43.34 ± 0.54 a |
| V43 | α-Caryophyllene | 6753-98-6 | 2209 | 8.66 ± 0.51 bc | 3.12 ± 0.31 e | 7.04 ± 0.59 d | 7.73 ± 0.55 cd | 10.36 ± 0.79 a | 10.04 ± 0.30 ab |
| V44 | α-Curcumene | 644-30-4 | 1773 | 80.18 ± 3.47 a | 63.90 ± 1.53 b | 40.78 ± 0.76 c | 45.22 ± 1.10 c | 60.45 ± 1.98 b | 64.78 ± 1.46 b |
| V45 | α-Farnesene | 502-61-4 | 1543 | 18.50 ± 0.79 a | 14.98 ± 0.50 b | 9.44 ± 0.81 c | 9.43 ± 0.61 c | 14.38 ±0.83 b | 14.33 ± 0.88 b |
| V46 | α-Terpinene | 99-86-5 | 1282 | 4.21 ± 0.44 b | 6.12 ± 0.55 a | 4.50 ± 0.68 b | 4.13 ± 0.25 b | 5.24 ± 0.72 ab | 4.51 ± 0.68 b |
| V47 | β-Bisabolene | 495-61-4 | 1536 | 23.70 ± 1.95 a | 17.96 ± 0.81 b | 11.52 ± 0.60 c | 11.99 ± 0.45 c | 17.52 ± 0.91 b | 17.33 ± 0.83 b |
| V48 | β-Caryophyllene | 87-44-5 | 1594 | 57.39 ± 1.61 c | 82.40 ± 2.28 a | 54.82 ± 1.54 c | 65.7 ± 1.70 b | 79.08 ± 1.34 a | 83.45 ± 1.60 a |
| V49 | β-Famesene | 18794-84-8 | 1661 | 2.29 ± 0.20 d | 2.51 ± 0.51 d | 3.19 ± 0.14 cd | 4.58 ± 0.45 b | 3.78 ± 0.35 bc | 6.62± 0.55 a |
| V50 | (1 S)-(1)-β-Pinene | 18172-67-3 | 1152 | 1.83 ± 0.18 d | 5.20 ± 0.17 b | 3.76 ± 0.47 c | 5.10 ± 0.25 b | 5.22 ± 0.23 b | 6.36 ± 0.34 a |
| V51 | 3-Carene | 13466-78-9 | 1146 | 1.32 ± 0.18 c | 3.09 ± 0.27 ab | 2.51 ± 0.25 b | 3.12 ± 0.40 ab | 3.61 ± 0.21 a | 3.09 ± 0.28 ab |
| V52 | Camphene | 79-92-5 | 1705 | 9.35 ± 0.65 a | 4.00 ± 0.51 b | 3.20 ± 0.27 b | 3.59 ± 0.21 b | 4.10 ± 0.42 b | 9.99 ± 1.12 a |
| V53 | Cyclosativene | 22469-52-9 | 1373 | 3.14 ± 0.23 b | 3.75 ± 0.34 b | 3.05 ± 0.52 b | 3.93 ± 0.40 b | 4.08 ± 0.45 b | 5.42 ± 0.62 a |
| Total | 325.40 ± 5.15 c | 453.54 ± 7.54 a | 316.05 ± 2.63 c | 407.91 ± 5.97 b | 457.38 ± 6.22 a | 470.86 ± 7.16 a | |||
| Others | |||||||||
| V54 | D-Camphor | 464-49-3 | 1427 | 12.34 ± 0.24 f | 17.03 ± 0.20 d | 15.33 ± 0.41 e | 25.08 ± 0.61 b | 18.97 ± 0.54 c | 27.64 ±0.34 a |
| V55 | 4-Allylanisole | 140-67-0 | 1655 | 164.56 ± 4.45 b | 161.06 ± 4.14 b | 108.28 ± 2.45 d | 129.21 ± 2.56 d | 146.72 ± 2.23 c | 188.07 ± 4.21 a |
| V56 | Anethole | 104-46-1 | 1595 | 315.01 ± 11.00 b | 246.66 ± 8.66 d | 232.42 ± 7.37 d | 275.28 ± 5.57 c | 224.05 ± 6.32 e | 344.05 ± 5.87 a |
| V57 | Safrole | 94-59-7 | 1628 | 12.59 ± 0.51 bc | 14.59± 0.45 ab | 8.91 ± 0.68 d | 10.48 ± 0.75 cd | 13.99 ± 0.65 ab | 15.97 ± 1.34 a |
| V58 | Eugenol | 97-53-0 | 2141 | 240.48 ± 6.94 a | 187.47 ± 5.33 b | 136.75 ± 5.46 c | 140.72 ± 4.47 c | 148.83 ± 5.12 c | 231.42 ± 6.27 a |
| V59 | Methyl eugenol | 93-15-2 | 1755 | 5.89 ± 0.24 c | 8.00 ± 0.37 b | 2.49 ± 0.08 d | 3.38 ± 0.13 d | 6.78 ± 0.34 c | 14.27 ± 0.55 a |
| Total | 750.87 ± 10.83 b | 634.81 ± 19.57 c | 504.18 ± 6.86 e | 584.15 ± 5.57 d | 559.34 ± 7.57 d | 821.42 ± 12.30 a |
Different lowercase letters (a–f) within the same row indicate significant differences among the different treatments (p < 0.05). n.d.: not detected. LRI: linear retention index. CAS: the unique numerical identification number for substance specified by the Chemical Abstracts Service. CT: 2.50% NaCl; CR: 1.75% NaCl; PK: 1.75% NaCl + P. kudriavzevii; TD: 1.75% NaCl + T. delbrueckii; DH: 1.75% NaCl + D. hansenii.