Table 3.

Sustainability of poultry production in developing countries, problems, causes, and suggestions.

Facing Sustainability Problems	Reasons/Causes	Suggestions
Disruption of oultry supply chain	Persistence of the pandemic, rumors, panic, blockage of transportation restrictions, delivery delays, sales losses, operational disruptions, price fluctuation, lockdown, blockage of distribution channel, imbalance between supply and demand, and consumer’s dilemma due to COVID-19 transmission	Raise public awareness Withdrawal of transport restrictions Collaboration among governments, nongovernmental organizations, veterinarians, and other health professionals Hygienic application of poultry operation Supporting small and medium farmers and proper market mentoring Searching for alternative feed sources, use of phytogenics, and shift of dietary lifestyle Coordination among farmers, input suppliers, veterinary professionals and nutritionists, poultry associations, and governments Proactive measures from the government to improve the welfare of breeders and farmers
Price fluctuations for poultry meat and eggs	Social rumors that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted by eggs and chickens	Educational program about SARS-CoV-2 transmission No evidence that poultry and poultry products play a role in the transmission of the virus
COVID-19 infects the employees of chicken processing plants	Lack of awareness and community guidelines, crowded conditions, and vaccination hesitation	Breaks and shifts with different start and stop times Vaccination of workers Hygienic measures such as frequent hand washing and disinfection Personal protective equipment Regular monitoring of workers Implementation of social distancing Disinfection of equipment and surfaces Restriction of human access
Disruption of meat supply chain	Disruption of meat production and processing and temporary shutdown of hotels and restaurants	Opening the poultry production and processing sites, hotel, and restaurants following COVID-19 health guidelines Government support of small commercial farmers financially
Low capital of the farmers, education and knowledge gap, lack of biosecurity and management training of the workers, and propaganda	Reducing poultry consumption, transportation, cost of poultry farming, consumer trust, and product quality	Low-interest credit from financial institutions Developing farmer’s knowledge and skills Building awareness for biosecurity guidelines
Impact on chicken and egg production, low intake of proteins, and loss of employment	Temporary or permanent closure of poultry farms, low demand, and cash flow problems	Government and NGOs should come forward to support small-scale poultry farmers
Effects on animal production, lower consumption of proteins, and high market price	Restrictions on global travel, flaws in the feed, veterinary, insurance, and other supply networks	Various governments and stakeholders should come forward to reduce the adverse effects on the livestock sector