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. 2022 Feb 24;11(5):798. doi: 10.3390/cells11050798

Table 1.

Characteristic proteins involved in the DNA damage checkpoints. It is worth noting that some proteins belong to more than one category (for example ATM kinase is a sensor and a signal transducer) [3,4].

Sensors Mediators Transducers Effectors

  • Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 (9-1-1 complex)

  • Rad17-RFC2-5 complex

  • Mre11-Rad50-NBS1 (MRN complex)

  • ATM

  • ATR-ATRIP

  • BRCA1

  • 53BP1

  • TopBP1

  • MDC1

  • Claspin

  • Chk1

  • Chk2

  • p53

  • Cdc25 phosphatases

  • CDC7

  • Cyclin-CDKs complexes