Table 1.

Notable mutations that benefit the infectivity, transmissibility and immune escape of SARS-CoV-2.

Mutations	Locations	Representative Lineages	Functions	References
S13I	N-terminal domain	B.1.427	Immune escape	[25]
L18F	N-terminal domain	Beta, Gamma	Immune escape	[26]
del69-70	N-terminal domain	Alpha, Omicron*	Immune escape/Increase transmissibility	[27]
W152C	N-terminal domain	B.1.427	Immune escape	[25]
K417N/T	Receptor binding domain	Beta, Gamma, Omicron	Attenuate biding affinity to ACE2/Immune escape	[28]
N439K	Receptor binding domain	AV.1	Increase binding affinity to ACE2/immune escape	[29]
N440K	Receptor binding domain	Omicron	Increase infectivity	[30]
L452R	Receptor binding domain	Delta	Immune escape	[31-33]
Y453F	Receptor binding domain	Delta	Immune escape	[34]
S477G/N/R	Receptor binding domain	Omicron	Immune escape	[35]
E484K/Q/P	Receptor binding domain	Beta, Gamma, Delta, Eta, Lota, Kappa, Mu, Omicron	Immune escape	[31,32]
S494P	Receptor binding domain	Alpha	immune escape	[36,37]
N501Y	Receptor binding domain	Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Mu, Omicron	Increase infection and transmissibility	[7,28]
D614G	S1 domain-C terminal	All lineages	Increase infectivity	[22]
H655Y	Close to S1/S2 cleavage site	Gamma, Omicron	Immune escape	[38]
P681H/R	Close to S1/S2 cleavage site	Alpha, Kappa, Mu, Omicron	Increase cleavage efficiency	[10]

^*Omicron is underlined to indicate multiple mutations and deletions from other variants.