Table 1.

Overview of the most recent ELISA kit developed for the detection of peanut and nuts allergens reported in literature.

Allergen	Description	Target Protein	Matrix	LOD	LOQ	Cross-Reactivity	Reference
ALMOND	Sandwich 4C10 ELISA	Pru du 6	Biscuit, Brittle, Granola bar with raw almond, Granola bar with roasted almond	0.97 ± 0.32 mg/kg full fat almond	3.24 ± 1.07 mg/kg full fat almond	Not reported	[87]
	Sandwich MonoTrace ELISA			0.30 ± 0.17 mg/kg full fat almond	1.01 ± 0.58 mg/kg full fat almond
	Sandwich	Pru du 6	Vanilla ice cream, cookies, pasta sauce, milk chocolate	0.3 mg/kg	2.5 mg/kg	No cross-reactivity	[88]
	Sandwich	Pru du 6	Orange juice, Coffee liquor, chocolate soy drink, salad dressing, rice ice cream, goat cheese	0.02 mg/kg	0.12 mg/kg	Low cross reactivity to chestnut	[90]
HAZELNUT	Sandwich	Hazelnut proteins	Cookies, chocolate	>0.03 mg/kg	0.375 mg/kg	Not reported	[107]
	Sandwich-Ridascreen Fast Hazelnut	Hazelnut proteins	31 plant-derived foods and 2 animal-derived foods	1.5 mg/kg	2.5 mg/kg	No apparent cross-reactivity	[103]
	Sandwich-AgraQuant Hazelnut Assay	Hazelnut proteins	30 plant-derived foods	0.3 mg/kg	1 mg/kg	No cross-reactivity
	Sandwich-DIA hazelnut	Hazelnut proteins	31 plant-derived foods	0.33 mg/kg	1 mg/kg	No cross-reactivity
	Sandwich-Veratox for hazelnut	Hazelnut proteins		2.5 mg/kg	2.5 mg/kg	No available information about specificity
	Sandwich	Protein from ground hazelnut & hazelnut chocolates	Dried hazelnuts and chocolate with 41% cocoa	1 mg/kg	50–100 mg/kg	Not reported	[37]
CASHEW	Sandwich (CAS-ELISA-2)	Ana o 3	Chocolate	0.04 mg/kg	0.4 mg/kg	Very low cross-reactivity with pistachio, pecan, almond, peanut, and hazelnut.	[140]
			Cookie		40 mg/kg
	Sandwich (Ano3-ELISA-1)	Ana o 3	Chocolate	0.06 mg/kg	0.4 mg/kg
			Cookie		40 mg/kg
	Sandwich	Cashew proteins	Ice Cream, cookies, chocolate, nuts/ Mixed nuts, breakfast/granola or Nutritional bars, nut butter	0.11 mg/g	0.46 mgcashew g_1	Not reported	[223]
PISTACHIO	Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)	Pistachio proteins	156 commonly used foods and food ingredients	0.09 mg/kg	0.30 mg/kg	No cross-reactivity	[161]
	Sandwich ELISA AgraQuant® Plus Pistachio	Pistachio proteins		1 mg/kg	1–25 mg/kg	Cashew (12%), hazelnut (0.17%), walnut (0.0008%), pecan nut (0.0005%), sunflower (0.0002%)	[145]
	Sandwich-AgraQuant® ELISA Pistachio	Pistachio proteins		0.13 mg/kg	1–40 mg/kg	Cashew (12%), hazelnut (0.17%), walnut (0.0008%), pecan nut (0.0005%), sunflower (0.0002%)
	Monoclonal antibody-based ELISA to pistachio allergen	Pistachio proteins		0.12 mg/kg	1–40 mg/kg	Pecan nut (0.001%)
WALNUT	Indirect competitive	Jug r 1	Tree nuts, seeds, cereals, soy, milk, various animal products	0.22 mg/kg walnut protein	0.44 mg/kg walnut protein	0.2% to pecan	[182]
	Sandwich ELISA	Walnut proteins	Sauce, beverage, yoghurts, ice-cream, and sandwich	2.2 mg/kg	3.3 mg/kg	Cross-reactivity to almond and pecan	[183]
	Direct ELISA with Multimeric scFv			1616 mg/kg		Cross-reactivity was found with pecan (2.25%) and almond (0.35%)
	Sandwich	Jug r 1	chicken meatballs, rice porridge, bread, sponge cake, orange juice, jelly, biscuit	<0.16 mg/kg of walnut protein defined by the calibration curve	<0.31 mg/kg	Strong cross-reactivity with pecan nut, hazelnut, brazil nut, almond, pine nut, peanut, cashew nut, pistachio, macadamia and mustard	[180]
PEANUT	Sandwich-	Ara h 1 Ara h 2	Biscuits prepared with peanut butter	Ara h 1: 0.1 mg/kg Ara h 2: 0.13 mg/kg	20–800 mg/mL	Slight interference nuts, seeds, cereals	[207]
	Direct competitive			Ara h 1: 0.19 mg/kg Ara h 2: 0.06 mg/kg	20 ng/mL–2 mg/mL	Slight with nuts, seeds, cereals
	Sandwich	Ara h 2	Peanut kernels, peanut beans, peanut crispy rolls, chocolate-peanut beans	0.7–1.7 μg/kg of peanut product	No information	Low cross-reactivity to cashews, walnuts, BSA, ovalbumin, soy & pea proteins	[224]
	Sandwich	Peanut proteins	Cookies, chocolate	>0.03 mg/kg	0.555 mg/kg	Not reported	[107]
	Sandwich	Peanut proteins	Non-alcoholic beverages, confectionery, bread and bakery, mixed and/or processed foods	0.13 mg/kg	2.5 mg/kg	Not reported	[208]