Table 3.
Overview on the most recent LC-MS methods developed for nuts and peanuts quantification in food products.
| Allergen | MS Analyzer (Analysis Mode) | Target Protein | Matrix | LOD | LOQ | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALMOND | LIT (SRM/SRM3) | Pru du 1 | Cookies | SRM 17 mg/kg, SRM3 25 mg/kg | SRM 58 mg/kg, SRM3 80 mg/kg | [91] |
| QqQ/LIT (SRM) | Pru du 6 | Bread | 3 mg/kg | / | [49] | |
| LIT (SRM) | Pru du 1 | Biscuits | 0.9 mg/kg | 3.1 mg/kg | [143] | |
| Dark chocolate | 9 mg/kg | 30 mg/kg | ||||
| OrbitrapTM (Full MS) | Pru du 6 | Milk chocolate, vanilla ice cream, commercial bread, and breakfast cereals | 0.34–1.92 mgPROT/kg, 1.8–10.1 mgNUT/kg |
/ | [50] | |
| TQ-S (MRM) | Pru du 6 | Incurred chocolate, ice cream, cookies, and sauce | >3 mg/kg | 5–25 mg/kg | [52] | |
| QqQ/LIT (SRM) | Pru du 1 | Chocolates | 0.4 mg/kg | 1.3 mg/kg | [92] | |
| Pru du 2 | Chocolates | 0.8 mg/kg | 2.6 mg/kg | |||
| HAZELNUT | LIT (SRM/SRM3) | Cor a 9 | Cookies | SRM 30 mg/kg, SRM3 35 mg/kg | SRM 90 mg/kg, SRM3 110 mg/kg | [91] |
| QqQ/LIT (SRM) | Cor a 9 | Bread | 5 mg/kg | / | [49] | |
| LIT (SRM) | Cor a 9 | Biscuits | 1.3 mg/kg | 4.5 mg/kg | [143] | |
| Dark chocolate | 14 mg/kg | 49 mg/kg | ||||
| LIT (SRM) | Cor a 9 | Cookies | 1–5 mg/kg | 16–32 mg/kg | [218] | |
| TQ-S (MRM) | Cor a 9 | Incurred chocolate, ice cream, cookies, and sauce | >3 mg/kg | 2.5–5 mg/kg | [52] | |
| Q-Orbitrap (t-SIM/dd2) | Cor a 9 | Incurred cookie | 4 mg/kg | 12 mg/kg | [114] | |
| QTRAP 6500 (IDA-MS/MS) | Cor a 9 | Cookies | ≤2.25 mg/kg | ≤3 mg/kg | [4] | |
| Ice cream | ≤2 mg/kg | ≤10 mg/kg | ||||
| Breakfast cereal | ≤0.45 mg/kg | ≤3 mg/kg | ||||
| Milk chocolate | ≤10 mg/kg | ≤30 mg/kg | ||||
| QqQ/LIT (SRM) | Cor a 9 | Chocolates | 0.5 mg/kg | 1.7 mg/kg | [92] | |
| TripleTOF 6600 (IDA-MS/MS) | Cor a 9 | Cookies | 3.1 mg/kg | 5.3 mg/kg | [67] | |
| CASHEW | LIT (SRM/SRM3) | Ana o 2 | Cookies | SRM 14 mg/kg, SRM3 30 mg/kg | SRM 46 mg/kg, SRM3 98 mg/kg | [91] |
| LIT (SRM) | Ana o 2 | Biscuits | 0.5 mg/kg | 1.6 mg/kg | [143] | |
| Dark chocolate | 15 mg/kg | 50 mg/kg | ||||
| OrbitrapTM (Full MS) | Ana o 2 | Milk chocolate, vanilla ice cream, commercial bread, and breakfast cereals | 0.78–2.02 mgPROT/kg 4.3–11.2 mgNUT/kg |
/ | [50] | |
| QqQ/LIT (SRM) | Ana o 2 | Chocolates | 0.7 mg/kg | 2.3 mg/kg | [92] | |
| TQ-S (MRM) | Ana o 2 | Incurred chocolate, ice cream, cookies, and sauce | >3 mg/kg | 2.5 mg/kg | [52] | |
| Ana o 3 | >3 mg/kg | 2.5 mg/kg | ||||
| PISTACHIO | OrbitrapTM (Full MS) | Pis v 2 | Milk chocolate, vanilla ice cream, commercial bread, and breakfast cereals | 1.28–1.90 mgPROT/kg 7.10–10.6 mgNUT/kg |
/ | [50] |
| Pis v 5 | 0.91–1.38 mgPROT/kg 5.1–7.6 mgNUT/kg |
/ | ||||
| TQ-S (MRM) | Pis v 2, Pis v 5 | Incurred chocolate, ice cream, cookies, and sauce | >3 mg/kg | 2.5 mg/kg | [52] | |
| QqQ/LIT (SRM) | Pis v 2 | Chocolates | 0.4 mg/kg | 1.3 mg/kg | [92] | |
| WALNUT | LIT (SRM/SRM3) | Jug r 4 | Cookies | SRM 55 mg/kg, SRM3 50 mg/kg | SRM 180 mg/kg, SRM3 160 mg/kg | [91] |
| QqQ/LIT (SRM) | Jug r 1 | Bread | 70 mg/kg | / | [49] | |
| LIT (SRM) | Jug r 4 | Biscuits | 0.8 mg/kg | 2.6 mg/kg | [143] | |
| Dark chocolate | 5 mg/kg | 18 mg/kg | ||||
| OrbitrapTM (Full MS) | ND | Milk chocolate, vanilla ice cream, commercial bread, and breakfast cereals | 0.80–5 mgPROT/kg 5.7–35.7 mgNUT/kg |
/ | [50] | |
| TQ-S (MRM) | Vici lin-like protein | Incurred chocolate, ice cream, cookies, and sauce | >3 mg/kg | 12.5 mg/kg | [52] | |
| Jug r 1 | 5 mg/kg | |||||
| QqQ/LIT (SRM) | Jug r 2 | Chocolates | 0.6 mg/kg | 2.0 mg/kg | [92] | |
| PEANUT | LIT (SRM/SRM3) | Ara h 3/4 | Cookies | SRM 10 mg/kg, SRM3 27 mg/kg | SRM 37 mg/kg, SRM3 90 mg/kg | [91] |
| QqQ/LIT (SRM) | Ara h 1 | Bread | 11 mg/kg | / | [49] | |
| LIT (SRM) | Ara h 3/4 | Biscuits | 0.1 mg/kg | 0.3 mg/kg | [143] | |
| Dark chocolate | 7 mg/kg | 25 mg/kg | ||||
| LIT (SRM) | Ara h 1 | Cookies | 8–9 mg/kg | 30 mg/kg | [218] | |
| TQ-S (MRM) | Ara h 2, Ara h 3/4 | Incurred chocolate, ice cream, cookies, and sauce | >3 mg/kg | 5 mg/kg | [52] | |
| Q-Orbitrap (t-SIM/dd2) | Ara h 1 | Incurred cookie | 7 mgPROT/kg | 24 mgPROT/kg | [114] | |
| QTRAP 6500 (IDA-MS/MS) | Ara h 3 | Cookies | ≤0.3 mg/kg | ≤3 mg/kg | [4] | |
| Ice cream | ≤2 mg/kg | ≤10 mg/kg | ||||
| Breakfast cereal | ≤0.1 mg/kg | ≤1 mg/kg | ||||
| Milk chocolate | ≤1.5 mg/kg | ≤10 mg/kg | ||||
| QqQ/LIT (SRM) | Ara h 1 | Chocolates | 0.8 mg/kg | 2.6 mg/kg | [92] | |
| Ara h 3/4 | Chocolates | 1.3 mg/kg | 4.3 mg/kg | |||
| Q-TOF (MS/MS) | Ara h 1 | Cookies | <2.5 mg/kg | 0.30 mg/kg | [216] | |
| Ara h 2 | 0.13 mg/kg | |||||
| TripleTOF 6600 (IDA-MS/MS) | Ara h 3 | Cookies | 2.2 mg/kg | 6.7 mg/kg | [67] | |
| Ara h 3 | Breakfast cereal | 1.2 mg/kg | 2.0 mg/kg | |||
| QqQ (MRM) | Ara h 1 | Wheat flour matrix (both raw and cooked) | 0.15 mg/kg | 0.31 mg/kg | [217] |