Table 2.

Functionally characterized genes associated with grain yield-related traits in sorghum and maize.

Crop	Gene	Trait a	Annotation	Variations	Ref b
Sorghum	MSD1	GNP	TCP-domain TF	Missense mutation in msd1-1/2	[16]
	MSD2	GNP	lipoxygenase (LOX)	Nonsense mutation in msd2-1, missense mutation in msd2-2, nonsense mutation in msd2-3	[18]
	MSD3	GNP	ω-3 fatty acid desaturase enzyme	in msd3-2, nonsense mutation in msd3-3, alternative splicing in msd3-1 and msd3-4	[17]
	qTGW1a	GW	G-protein γ subunit	5 bp insertion, frame shift	[43]
Maize	ZmCEP1	KS	C-terminal encoded peptide	Two frameshift mutations (1 bp insertion, 1 bp deletion) in zmcep1	[134]
	KNR6	KNPR	Protein kinase	substitution mutations	[74]
	ZmNPF7.9	KS	Nitrate transporter	Single nucleotide mutation (G to A)	[135]
	ids1/Ts6	KRN	AP2-domain TF	5 kb indel	[79]
	ZmSWEET4c	SF	Hexose transporter	Insertion in zmsweet4c	[136]
	ZmBAM1d	KW	CLV1/BAM receptor kinase	Insertion in zmbam1d	[137]
	qKW9	KW	DYW-PPR protein	Deletion in qkw9	[89]
	PPR2263	KS	DYW-PPR protein	Insertion in ppr2263	[138]
	Emp4	KS	PLS- PPR proteins	Insertions in the emp4	[139]
	Emp5	KS	PLS- PPR proteins	1.4 kb insertion in emp5	[140]
	Emp7	KS	PLS- PPR proteins	Insertion in emp7	[141]
	Emp10	KS	P-type PPR protein	431 bp deletion in emp10	[142]
	Emp9	KS	P-type PPR protein	Insertion in emp9	[143]
	Emp11	KS	P-type PPR protein	Insertion in emp11	[144]
	Emp12	KS	PPR protein	Insertion in emp12	[145]
	Emp16	KS	P-type PPR protein	Insertion in emp16	[146]
	Dek2	KS	P-type PPR protein	Insertion in dek2	[147]
	Zmsmk9	KS	P-type PPR protein	Frameshift mutation in zmsmk9	[148]
	Dek10	KS	E-subgroup PPR protein	5 bp insertion in dek10	[149]
	Dek35	KS	P-type PPR protein	Insertion in dek35	[150]
	Dek36	KS	E+ subgroup PPR	Insertion in dek36	[151]
	Dek37	KS	P-type PPR protein	Insertion in dek37	[152]
	Dek39	KS	PLS-PPR protein	Nonsense mutation in dek39	[153]
	Smk1	KS	PPR-E class protein	Missense, insertions in smk1	[154]
	FEA2	KRN	Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like protein	Expression differences in fea2	[155]
	UB3	KRN	SBP-box TF	2 kb transposon-containing indel	[80]

^a GNP: grain number per panicle; GW: grain weight; KS: kernel size; KNPR: kernel number per row; KRN: kernel row number; SF: seed filling; KW: kernel. ^b Reference. TF: transcription factor.