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(A) The fabrication process for the HA/Chitosan MNs with polyvinyl alcohol/polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVA/PVP) supporting structures. OVA: ovalbumin; PLA: poly(L-lactide-co-D, L-lactide). Adapted with permission from Ref. [56]. (B) Limpet tooth-inspired painless microneedles fabricated by magnetic field-assisted 3D printing. Adapted with permission from Ref. [61]. (C) A novel 3D-printed hollow microneedle microelectromechanical system. Adapted with permission from Ref. [60].
