Table 2.
Details of the epidemiological studies exploring cancer risk in relation to exposure to EBDC fungicides.
| First Author, Year [Ref] | EBDC | Country | Study Design | Exposure | Cancer Site | OR 95% C.I. | Trends | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cherpak et al., 1971 [37] | Thiram | Russia | cohort | Manufacturing | Thyroid | 1 observed case | N/A | |
| Smith, 1976 [38] | ETU | United Kingdom | Female cohort | Rubber manufacturing; ETU manufacturing | Thyroid | 0 observed cases | N/A | |
| Maher and Defonso, 1986 [39] | Mancozeb | United States | Male cohort | Manufacturing | All cancers Thyroid |
0.66 0 observed case |
N/A | Unclear exposure definition |
| Schreinemachers et al., 1999 [40] | EBDC | United States | Ecological | Environmental exposure from agricultural uses | Lip Thyroid |
2.7 (1.08–6.71) 2.9 (1.35–6.44) |
N/A | |
| Nordby et al., 2005 [41] | Mancozeb | Sweden | Ecological | Environmental exposure from agricultural uses | Thyroid | 0.9 (0.81–1.07) * | No | Risk estimated by the ratio between incidence rates |
| Lerro et al., 2021 [43] | Maneb/Mancozeb | United States | Cohort | Occupational exposure | Thyroid | 0.5 (0.17–1.47) | No | Five cases only |
| Dennis et al., 2010 [44] | Maneb/Mancozeb | United States | Case-control | Occupational exposure | Skin melanoma | 2.4 (1.20–4.90) | Yes | |
| Fortes et al., 2016 [45] | Fungicides (mainly Maneb/Mancozeb) | Italy, Brazil | Case-control | Occupational exposure | Skin melanoma | 3.9 (1.17–12.9) | N/A | |
| Bhat et al., 2010 [47] | Pesticides (including Mancozeb) | India | Cross sectional | Orchard work | Brain cancer | 2.0 (1.86–2.07) ** | N/A | |
| Piel et al., 2019 [48] | Thiram Ferbam, Propineb, Ziram and/or Zineb Maneb/Mancozeb, Metiram |
France | Cohort | Occupational exposure | Glioblastoma brain cancer | 1.9 (1.09–3.28) 2.2 (1.20–3.67) 1.9 (1.12–3,35) |
Yes | |
| Mills et al., 2005 [49] | Mancozeb Maneb |
United States | Case-control | Occupational exposure | Leukaemia | 2.4 (1.12–4.95) 1.8 (0.89–3.86) |
N/A | |
| Mills and Yang, 2007 [50] | Mancozeb Maneb |
United States | Case-control | Occupational exposure | Stomach cancer | 1.2 (0.70–2.06) 0.9 (0.57–1.66) |
Yes Yes |
|
| Band et al., 2011 [51] | Ferbam/Maneb Mancozeb Metiram Thiram Zineb Ziram |
Canada | Case-control | Occupational exposure | Prostate | 1.6 (1.04–2.48) 1.4 (0.89–2.15) 1.4 (0.86–2.42) 0.9 (0.41–2.11) 0.5 (0.22–2.13) 1.5 (0.97–2.27) |
Yes No No N/A N/A yes |
|
| Koutros et al., 2011 [52] | Maneb/Mancozeb | United States | Case-control | Occupational exposure | Prostate | 0.7 (0.40–1.30) | No | |
| Cockburn, 2011 [53] | Maneb | United States | Case-control | Environmental exposure | Prostate | 0.9 (0.48–1.51) | No | |
| Lee et al., 2007 [54] | Maneb/Mancozeb Ziram |
United States | Cohort | Occupational exposure | Colorectum | 0.7 (0.50–1.20) 1.2 (0.50–2.90) |
N/A N/A |
Note: * based on the comparison between incidence rates; ** re-calculated based on a cross sectional study design.