Table 2.
Individual and neighborhood socio-demographic characteristics of study participants stratified by psychological distress before and during COVID-19.
| Increase in Psychological Distress (n = 116) |
No Change or Decrease in before Psychological Distress (n = 128) |
Total (n = 244) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (Range)/% 1 | Mean (Range)/% | Mean (Range)/% | |
| Average age (years) | 50.91 (22–83) | 53.38 (22–94) | 52.20 (22–94) |
| Sex: Female | 69.83% | 69.53% | 69.67% |
| Sex: Male | 30.17% | 30.47% | 30.33% |
| Self-reported racial identity: | |||
| Asian | 0.00% | 0.86% | 0.41% |
| Black | 80.20% | 77.30% | 78.96% |
| White | 12.93% | 17.97% | 15.57% |
| Multi-racial | 6.03% | 4.69% | 5.33% |
| Self-reported Hispanic ethnicity | 3.13% | 4.31% | 3.69% |
| Relationship status: | |||
| Married/living with a partner | 26.72% | 24.22% | 25.41% |
| Divorced/Separated | 9.48% | 12.50% | 11.07% |
| Widowed | 10.34% | 10.16% | 10.25% |
| Single | 38.69% | 39.84% | 39.34% |
| Other | 14.65% | 13.29% | 13.94% |
| Employment status: | |||
| Full-time | 37.93% | 39.06% | 38.52% |
| Part-time | 11.21% | 14.84% | 13.11% |
| Unemployed | 9.48% | 4.69% | 6.97% |
| Unable to work due to disability | 14.66% | 17.19% | 15.98% |
| Other | 26.72% | 24.22% | 25.41% |
| Education 2: Less than high school | 5.31% | 13.71% | 9.70% |
| Education 2: High school graduate | 32.74% | 26.61% | 29.54% |
| Education 2: Some college | 36.28% | 24.19% | 29.96% |
| Education 2: 4-year college | 17.70% | 22.58% | 20.25% |
| Graduate or professional school | 7.96% | 12.90% | 10.55% |
| Average reported social support | 30.72 (14–35) | 31.18 (0–35) | 30.96 (0–35) |
| Average perceived neighborhood collective efficacy 2 | 26.10 (8–40) | 28.94 (13–40) | 27.57 (8–40) |
| Average neighborhood walk score | 55.52 (1–95) | 53.26 (1–96) | 54.33 (1–96) |
| Average neighborhood park score | 66.22 (0–100) | 65.92 (0–100) | 66.07 (0–100) |
| Average neighborhood total crime rate 3 | 99.21 (8.04–347.64) | 98.93 (21.38–347.64) | 99.07 (8.04–347.64) |
| Average neighborhood homicide rate 3 | 0.82 (0–7.98) | 0.64 (0–5.62) | 0.72 (0–7.98) |
| Average neighborhood assault rate 3 | 7.19 (0–37.40) | 6.79 (0–37.39) | 6.98 (0–37.40) |
| Average neighborhood onsite alcohol outlet density 3 | 1.40 (0–14.45) | 1.67 (0–17.83) | 1.54 (0–17.83) |
| Average neighborhood offsite alcohol outlet density 3 | 1.01 (0–9.93) | 0.77 (0–6.43) | 0.89 (0–9.93) |
1 Mean/% of any variable based on <10% missing. 2 Statistically significant difference at p ≤ 0.05 in t-test or chi-square. 3 Per 1000 population.