Table 2.
Summary of studies delineating effects of BPA in the decidua.
| Summary of Effects | References | Model Used | Strength | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammation | Increased LIF, IL-10—10 μM Decreased PAI-1, TNFa—10 μM Decreased CXCL8, IL-6, CCL11—1–10 μM Increased CXCL6—1–10 μM Increased IL-6—10−6–0.001 μmol Increased I-kB, nF-kB, IL-1B—10−6–0.001 μmol |
Li 2017 Cho 2018 Fan 2020 Xiong 2020 |
Human decidual stromal cells Human endometrial (EM) cells Human EM cells, JEG-3 cells Human EM cells |
STRONG | Effects on IL-6 may be discordant due to two different laboratory setups; additionally, total concentration of BPA was not noted in Cho 2018, precluding us from identifying at what exact concentration is the IL-6, I-kB, nF-kB, and IL-1B increase noted. |
| ER expression | Decreased—50–100 μM, 0.5 mg/kg/day–20 mg/kg/day Increased ERa—10−6–1 μM Increased ERB—0.001 μM |
Varayoud 2008 Aghajanova and Giudice 2011 Mannelli 2015 Cho 2018 |
Human uterine stromal cells Human EM cells Placental explant Human EM cells |
STRONG | Total concentration of BPA was not noted in Cho 2018, precluding us from identifying at what exact concentration is the ERa increase noted. SMRT corepressor decreases ER and PR receptivity as per Varayoud 2008 |
| PR expression | Increased—50 μg/kg/day, 1 μM | Aldad 2011 | Human EM cells, Ishikawa cells | LIMITED | SMRT corepressor decreases ER and PR receptivity as per Varayoud 2008 No effect as per Aghajanova and Giudice 2011 |
| Decidual proliferation | Decreased—50–100 μM, 0.5 mg/kg/day to 20 mg/kg/day Increased—0.01 μM |
Varayoud 2008 Aghajanova and Giudice 2011 |
Human uterine stromal cells Human EM cells |
LIMITED | No effect on viability as per Mannelli et al.; may be due to differences in setups |
| Steroidogenesis | Decreased P450scc—50–100 μM Decreased 17BHSD1—50–100 μM Increased SMRT—0.5 mg/kg/day and 20 mg/kg/day |
Aghajanova and Giudice 2011 Varayoud 2008 |
Human EM cells Human uterine stromal cells |
LIMITED | |
| IGFBP-1 | Increased—10−8 to 10−11 μM, 50 μM | Aghajanova and Giudice 2011 Forte 2015 Fan 2020 |
Human EM cells Human EM cells Human EM cells, Ishikawa cells |
LIMITED | No effect on IGFBP-1 secretion as per Mannelli et al.; may be due to differences in setups |
| PRL | Increased—10−8–10−11 μM, 0.1–10 uM Decreased—0.1–88 μM |
Forte 2015 Mannelli 2015 Olson 2017 Fan 2020 Xiong 2020 |
Human EM cells Placental explants HuF cells Human EM cells, Ishikawa cells Human EM cells |
LIMITED | Same endometrial cells, but different effects, perhaps due to different laboratory setups At lower concentrations, PRL appears to be increased, while for higher concentrations, PRL appears to be decreased |
| ENaC | Decreased—0.01–1 μg/mL | Yuan 2018 | Mouse EM cells, Ishikawa cells | INCONCLUSIVE | |
| SGK1 | Decreased—100 μg/kg | Yuan 2018 | Mouse EM cells, Ishikawa cells | INCONCLUSIVE | |
| Cell cycle | Lower G0/G1 cycles, Higher G2/M cycles—10−11–10−8 μM Decreased CCND2—44 μM |
Forte 2015 Olson 2017 |
Human EM cells HuF cells |
INCONCLUSIVE | |
| Hoxa10/11 | Decreased—0.5–20 mg/kg/day | Varayoud 2008 | Human uterine stromal cells | INCONCLUSIVE | |
| Egr1 | Increased—20–500 mg/kg | Kim 2017 | Mouse uterus | INCONCLUSIVE | ERK1/2 and AKT were rapidly activated by BPA, BPA-induced Egr1 expression is mediated by ERK1/2, but not AKT phosphorylation |
| p-ERK | Increased—10−6–0.001 μmol | Cho 2018 | Human EM cells | INCONCLUSIVE | Both appear to increase similarly, but ERK may be more involved in the signaling process than Akt (Kim 2017) |
| p-Akt | Increased—10−6–0.001 μmol | Cho 2018 | Human EM cells | INCONCLUSIVE | |
| p-JNK | Increased—10−6–0.001 μmol | Cho 2018 | Human EM cells | INCONCLUSIVE | |
| Histone methylation | Decreased MLL1—0.1–10 μM Increased EZH2—0.1–10 μM Increased H3K4me3—0.1–10 μM Increased H3K27me3—10−5–10 μM |
Xiong 2020 | Human EM cells | INCONCLUSIVE | |
| Oxidative stress | Decreased SOD, catalase, HO—10−6–0.001 μmol | Cho 2018 | Human EM cells | INCONCLUSIVE | Total concentration of BPA was not noted in this experiment; only picomolar values were given |