Table 3.

Summary of studies delineating effects of bisphenols in the myometrium.

Summary of Effects		References	Model Used	Strength	Notes
Uterine weight and thickness	Increased—2–30 mg/kg/day, 5 mL/kg Increased thickness—50 mg/kg/day Increased endometrial area—3.5 mg/kg Increased luminal epithelium height—2 mg/day	Dodge 1996 Ashby and Tinwell 1998 Papaconstantinou 2000 Okuda 2010	Mouse uterus Mouse uterus Mouse uterus Human myometrial cells	STRONG	No effect on uterus weight and histological parameters as per Okuda; differences may be due to difference in lab setups EM thickness increase in ewe lambs; luminal height in mice
Uterine contractility	Decreased—10−6–10−4 μM Decreased amplitude—1–10 μM	An 2013 Gupta and Deshpande 2018 Salleh 2015	Rat uterus Rat uterus Rat uterus	STRONG
VACht fibers	Increased—0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg/day	Liliana 2019	Pig uterus	LIMITED
DBH fibers	Increased—0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg/day	Liliana 2019	Pig uterus	LIMITED
Implantation rates	Decreased—100 mg/kg/day Decreased—implantation sites—6.75 and 10.125 mg/kg/day Delayed embryo reception—40 mg/kg/day	Xiao 2011 Berger 2010	Mouse myometrial cells Mouse myometrial cells	LIMITED
hsp27	Increased—100 mg/kg/day	Papaconstantinou 2001	Mouse uterus	INCONCLUSIVE
grp94	Increased—100 mg/kg/day	Papaconstantinou 2002	Mouse uterus	INCONCLUSIVE
oxytocin and oxytocin receptor	Increased oxytocin—500 mg/kg/day Increased oxytocin receptor—100 mg/kg/day	An 2013	Rat uterus	INCONCLUSIVE
PR expression	Decreased—100 mg/kg/day Decreased—10.125 mg/kg/day	Xiao 2011 Berger 2010	Mouse myometrial cells Mouse myometrial cells	INCONCLUSIVE
ER expression	Decreased—10.125 mg/kg/day	Berger 2010	Mouse myometrial cells	INCONCLUSIVE
Gene expression profile	Increased genes for PI3K-Akt signaling, metabolic pathways, cancer pathways, actin regulation, ECM interaction, focal adhesion—0.01 μM	Kang 2014	Human myometrial cells	INCONCLUSIVE