Table 2.

Various methods to synthetize materials with antimicrobial properties and their uses.

Method of Material Antimicrobial Functionalization	Application
anti-fouling	cochlear implants [127,131]
anti-adhesive	dental resin and polydi-methylsiloxane elastomer (PDMS) [128]
surface–charge modification	titanium micro-screws [129]
coating with antibiotics	bone implants [132], tympanostomy tubes [41], paranasal sinus stents [133],
coating with antimicrobial agent such as nanoparticles	nasal mucosa splints [134], inner ear implants [135], middle ear implants [54], bone tissue scaffolds [86,90,91]