Table 1.
Characteristics of the participating women.
| Characteristics | Study Group n = 223 |
Control Group n = 108 |
Z, p Mann–Whitney Test |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD/n (%) | Mean ± SD/n (%) | ||
| Age [years] | 64.6 ± 12.8 | 61.4 ± 11.3 | 4.2306, 0.4673 |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) [kg/m2] | 27.8 ± 5.5 | 26.1 ± 5.8 | 1.1365, 0.7671 |
| Waist Hip Ratio (WHR) | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.4235, 0.5328 |
| Waist circumference [cm] | 88.8 ± 12.9 | 87.2 ± 7.2 | 1.1463, 0.5659 |
| Regular vitamin D supplements user [n (%)] | 173 (77.6) | 31 (28.7) | 4.5638, <0.0001 |
| Physical activity | |||
| Insufficient | 38 (17.1) | 17 (15.7) | 0.8735, 0.5374 |
| Sufficient | 120 (53.8) | 55 (50.9) | 0.3467, 0.3859 |
| Increased | 44 (19.7) | 20 (18.5) | 0.7436, 0.4783 |
| High | 21 (9.4) | 16 (14.8) | 0.8834, 0.7739 |
| Body composition | |||
| Body mass [kg] | 71.5 ± 14.7 | 73.5 ± 7.9 | 0.9453, 0.6233 |
| Fat free mass [kg] | 46.1 ± 6.2 | 49.1 ± 5.2 | 2.9964, <0.0001 |
| Fat mass [kg] | 32.4 ± 13.5 | 28.4 ± 8.3 | 3.5762, <0.0001 |
| Fat mass [%] | 39.7 ± 8.7 | 36.2 ± 4.7 | 4.0276, <0.0001 |
| Metabolic Rate | |||
| Resting Metabolic Rate [kcal/d] | 1332.7 ± 309.9 | 1557.8 ± 187.3 | 7.0590, <0.0001 |
| Basal Metabolic Rate [kcal/d] | 1453.2 ± 245.6 | 1574.0 ± 134.9 | 5.0123, <0.0001 |
| Total Metabolic Rate [kcal/d] | 2409.7 ± 254.7 | 2427.5 ± 288.7 | 0.3632, 0.0762 |
| Slow [n (%)] | 92 (41.3) | 12 (11.1) | 3.9432, <0.0001 |
| Normal [n (%)] | 83 (37.2) | 14 (13.0) | 2.9964, <0.0001 |
| High [n (%)] | 48 (21.5) | 82 (75.9) | 4.0275, <0.0001 |
| Dietary intake | |||
| Energy [kcal/day] | 1415.7 ± 447.4 | 2127.2 ± 1182.3 | 4.2349, <0.0001 |
| Proteins [g/day] | 57.9 ± 19.5 | 99.6 ± 45.8 | 2.9836, <0.0001 |
| Proteins [% total energy intake] | 16.7 ± 4.5 | 19.4 ± 3.5 | 2.7906, <0.0001 |
| Carbohydrates [g/day] | 189.0 ± 61.0 | 268.8 ± 139.8 | 6.4326, <0.0001 |
| Carbohydrates [% total energy intake] | 50.3 ± 8.8 | 48.1 ± 8.8 | 0.7683, 0.7639 |
| Fats [g/day] | 53.4 ± 24.3 | 79.3 ± 57.7 | 3.9465, <0.0001 |
| Fats [% total energy intake] | 32.6 ± 8.1 | 32.1 ± 7.2 | 0.8032, 0.4327 |
| MUFA [g/day] | 21.2 ± 10.6 | 30.8 ± 28.9 | 5.0348, <0.0001 |
| PUFA [g/day] | 8.1 ± 4.2 | 10.3 ± 7.1 | 3.9674, <0.0001 |
| SFA [g/day] | 20.2 ± 11.3 | 34.4 ± 28.4 | 4.4876, <0.0001 |
| Fiber [g/day] | 15.7 ± 5.9 | 24.3 ± 11.2 | 4.0824, <0.0001 |
| Vitamin D (without supplements) [µg/day] | 3.7 ±2.3 | 7.4 ± 5.6 | 2.9987, <0.0001 |
| Total vitamin D (including supplements) [µg/day] | 38.2 ± 15.0 | 21.1 ± 13.6 | 3.9075, 0.0028 |
| Serum concentration | |||
| 25(OH)D Total [ng/mL] | 25.9 ± 11.8 | 28.1 ± 9.1 | 2.1808, 0.0029 |
| 25(OH)D deficiency [n (%)] | 149 (66.8) | 68 (62.9) | 0.8725, 0.8043 |