Table 2.
Characteristics of the participating women according to 25(OH)D concentration.
| Characteristics | 25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL n = 217 |
25(OH)D ≥ 30 ng/mL n = 114 |
Z, p Mann–Whitney Test |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD/n (%) | Mean ± SD/n (%) | ||
| Age [years] | 65.2 ± 10.2 | 61.9 ± 9.8 | 3.2904, 0.7325 |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) [kg/m2] | 26.9 ± 4.9 | 26.3 ± 2.9 | 1.1763, 0.7781 |
| Waist Hip Ratio (WHR) | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.9 | 1.6233, 0.6371 |
| Waist circumference [cm] | 87.9 ± 11.2 | 86.2 ± 6.9 | 1.1393, 0.4938 |
| Regular vitamin D supplements user [n (%)] | 94 (43.3) | 110 (96.5) | 2.5032, <0.0001 |
| Physical activity | |||
| Insufficient | 42 (19.4) | 13 (11.4) | 0.2756, 0.6314 |
| Sufficient | 115 (53.0) | 60 (52.6) | 0.2961, 0.7851 |
| Increased | 43 (19.8) | 21 (18.4) | 0.5826, 0.4764 |
| High | 17 (7.8) | 20 (17.6) | 0.7463, 0.3753 |
| Metabolic Rate | |||
| Resting Metabolic Rate [kcal/d] | 1284.9 ± 279.1 | 1538.5 ± 217.8 | 3.7352, p < 0.0001 |
| Basal Metabolic Rate [kcal/d] | 1351.2 ± 179.8 | 1602.0 ± 171.6 | 1.7821, <0.0001 |
| Total Metabolic Rate [kcal/d] | 25,024.2 ± 174.8 | 2479.5 ± 308.1 | 0.3037, 0.1772 |
| Slow [n (%)] | 89 (41.0) | 15 (13.2) | 2.7472, <0.0001 |
| Normal [n (%)] | 86 (39.6) | 11 (9.6) | 1.9071, <0.0001 |
| High [n (%)] | 42 (19.4) | 88 (77.2) | 3.1234, <0.0001 |
| Dietary intake | |||
| Energy [kcal/day] | 1493.7 ± 507.8 | 2221.8 ± 982.4 | 3.9843, <0.0001 |
| Proteins [g/day] | 55.8 ± 15.9 | 90.6 ± 49.1 | 1.9037, <0.0001 |
| Proteins [% total energy intake] | 15.9 ± 6.1 | 20.7 ± 3.1 | 2.2972, <0.0001 |
| Carbohydrates [g/day] | 177.9 ± 60.5 | 251.8 ± 143.1 | 3.7896, <0.0001 |
| Carbohydrates [% total energy intake] | 53.3 ± 6.8 | 49.7 ± 7.5 | 0.7323, 0.6739 |
| Fats [g/day] | 57.4 ± 21.5 | 81.3 ± 49.7 | 1.0467, <0.0001 |
| Fats [% total energy intake] | 30.7 ± 9.1 | 34.1 ± 8.1 | 0.2092, 0.1357 |
| MUFA [g/day] | 20.9 ± 9.9 | 32.1 ± 25.9 | 4.1287, <0.0001 |
| PUFA [g/day] | 8.7 ± 4.4 | 12.1 ± 5.7 | 3.0631, <0.0001 |
| SFA [g/day] | 24.2 ± 6.3 | 37.4 ± 19.7 | 4.8671, <0.0001 |
| Fiber [g/day] | 13.9 ± 6.2 | 26.3 ± 9.7 | 3.8021, <0.0001 |
| Vitamin D (without supplements) [µg/day] | 3.1 ± 2.9 | 8.2 ± 4.8 | 1.9042, <0.0001 |
| Total vitamin D (including supplements) [µg/day] | 36.7 ± 16.3 | 20.3 ± 14.1 | 3.0472, 0.0017 |