Table 1.

Selected articles for molecular pathogenesis and future perspectives for glioblastoma.

Article Title	Authors	Journal	PMID	Year	Outcome
The Circ_0001367/miR-545-3p/LUZP1 Axis Regulates Cell Proliferation, Migration and Invasion in Glioma Cells	Dong et al. [46]	Frontiers in Oncology	34869035	2021	Down-regulation of circ_0001367 reduces invasion, migration and proliferation.
IDH1 R132H Mutation Enhances Cell Migration by Activating AKT-mTOR Signaling Pathway but Sensitizes Cells to 5-FU Treatment as NADPH and GSH Are Reduced.	Zhu et al. [51]	PLoS	28052098	2017	IDH1 R132H mutation promotes AKT-mTOR pathway to increase MMP and β-Catenin reduce E-cadherin.
Overexpression of SCLIP promotes growth and motility in glioblastoma cells	Zhang et al. [61]	Cancer Biology Therapy	25511414	2015	SCLIP (microtubule-destabilizing protein) is detected at high levels in GBMs augments migration. STAT3 is required for maintaining SCLIP stability.
Whole exome sequencing-based analysis to identify DNA damage repair deficiency as a major contributor to gliomagenesis in adult diffuse gliomas	Ege Ülgen et al. [54]	Journal of neurosurgery	30952131	2019	DNA damage repair deficiency (DDRd) are predictable and traceable nucleotide alterations in GBMs. Suggests DDRd may be important for gliomagenesis.
Propofol inhibits Wnt signaling and exerts anticancer activity in glioma cells	W. Xu et al. [62]	Oncology Letters	29928428	2018	The results indicate a novel mechanism of anticancer activity for propofol and provide novel insights into the signaling pathways regulated by propofol. Potential use of propofol as a novel agent for the treatment of patients with glioma.
The Inhibition of microRNA-128 on IGF-1-Activating mTOR Signaling Involves in Temozolomide-Induced Glioma Cell Apoptotic Death	Peng-Hsu Chen et al. [63]	PLOS one	27893811	2016	miR-128-inhibited mTOR signaling is involved in TMZ-mediated cytotoxicity. Better understanding of cytotoxic mechanisms of TMZ involved in glioblastoma development.
TROAP regulates cell cycle and promotes tumor progression through Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway in glioma cells	Zong-Qing Zhao, et al. [58]	CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics	34077623	2021	TROAP ((Trophinin Associated Protein) accelerated the progression of gliomagenesis through Wnt/β-Catenin pathway, and TROAP might be considered as a novel target for glioma therapy.
Znf179 induces differentiation and growth arrest of human primary glioblastoma multiforme in a p53-dependent cell cycle pathway	Kuen-Haur Lee et al. [64]	Nature	28684796	2017	Znf179 induces neuronal differentiation. p53-p21-p27 cell cycle signaling pathways are involved in Znf179-induced differentiation of GBM cells. Glioma patients with higher Znf179 expression levels have longer survival rates
The miR-26a/AP-2α/Nanog signaling axis mediates stem cell self-renewal and temozolomide resistance in glioma	Wenhuan Huang et al. [65]	Theranostics	31534499	2019	AP-2α reduces the stemness and TMZ resistance of glioma by inhibiting the Nanog/Sox2/CD133 axis and IL6/STAT3 signaling pathways.
A Phase I Study of Autologous Dendritic Cell Vaccine Pulsed with Allogeneic Stem-like Cell Line Lysate in Patients with Newly Diagnosed or Recurrent Glioblastoma	Hu et al. [66]	Clinical Cancer Research	34862245	2021	Autologous dendritic cell vaccines pulsed with lysate originating from GBM stem-like cell lines was safe and without significant side effects.
Identification of Tumor Antigens and Immune Landscape in Glioblastoma for mRNA Vaccine Development	Ye at al. [67]	Frontiers Genetics	34527020	2021	Prognostic mRNA antigens: ARPC1B and HK3 identified from TCGA were positively correlated with antigen presenting cells in GBMs validating role in immune response. Immune subtype 2 had “pro-inflammatory features” better response to vaccines.
Malignant Glioma Therapy by Vaccination with Irradiated C6 Cell-Derived Microvesicles Promotes an Antitumoral Immune Response	Benjamiín Pineda et al. [68]	Molecular Therapy	31204210	2019	Vaccination with irradiated cell-derived microvesicles led to reduction of tumour volume and increased immune cell infiltration of the implanted tumour tissue.
Actively personalized vaccination trial for newly diagnosed glioblastoma	Hilf N et al. [69]	Nature.	30568303	2019	Phase I trial GAPVAC-101 of the Glioma Actively Personalized Vaccine Consortium (GAPVAC). Promising results i.e., responses of central memory CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cell responses of T helper 1 type against predicted neoepitopes.
Rindopepimut with temozolomide for patients with newly diagnosed, EGFRvIII-expressing glioblastoma (ACT IV): a randomised, double-blind, international phase 3 trial.	Weller M et al. [70]	Lancet Oncol.	28844499	2017	Rindopepimut is a vaccine targeting the EGFR deletion mutation EGFRvIII. Phase 3 trial to explore if the addition of rindopepimut to chemotherapy did not increase survival in newly diagnosed GBM.
Immunomodulation Mediated by Anti-angiogenic Therapy Improves CD8 T Cell Immunity Against Experimental Glioma	Malo CS et al. [71]	Frontiers in Oncology	30211113	2018	VEGF-Trap treatment has anti-angiogenic effect, normalizing the vasculature and enhance tumor antigen-specific CD8T cell response.