Table 1.
Characteristics of children with chronic disease and healthy controls age- and sex-matched groups. Data are presented as mean (SD).
| Characteristics | T1DM (n = 20) |
HC (n = 20) |
JIA (n = 20) |
HC (n = 20) |
CHD (n = 20) |
HC (n = 20) |
CF (n = 20) |
HC (n = 20) |
CD (n = 80) |
HC (n = 80) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age years | 7.4 (1.9) | 7.3 (1.8) | 6.7 (2.1) | 6.7 (2.1) | 6.0 (2.2) | 6.1 (2.1) | 6.7 (2.0) | 6.9 (1.9) | 6.9 (2.0) | 6.8 (1.9) |
| Sex F:M | 9:11 | 9:11 | 12:8 | 12:8 | 10:10 | 10:10 | 12:8 | 12:8 | 43:37 | 43:37 |
| Weight kg | 25.6 (6.3) | 28.7 (8.3) | 23.4 (6.0) | 25.7 (6.4) | 24.0 (8.5) | 25.1 (5.3) | 24.8 (6.5) | 22.6 (6.2) | 24.4 (6.8) | 25.5 (6.5) |
| Weight-Z-score | 0.1 (1.0) | 0.8 (1.4) | 0.2 (1.2) | 1.1 (1.2) | 0.6 (1.0) | 1.4 (0.9) | 0.4 (2.1) | −0.1 (0.7) | 0.3 (1.3) | 0.8 (0.7) |
| Height cm | 122.6 (12.8) | 125.4 (13.2) | 119.6 (13.7) | 123.2 (10.0) | 117.1 (15.6) | 118.7 (15.3) | 119.7 (12.5) | 117.0 (12.8) | 119.7 (13.6) | 121.1 (12.8) |
| Height-Z-score | −0.1 (1.1) | 0.4 (1.8) | 0.2 (1.9) | 1.2 (1.0) | 0.4 (1.1) | 0.5 (1.0) | 0.2 (2.0) | −0.4 (0.8) | 0.7 (1.0) | 0.5 (0.8) |
| BMI kg/m2 | 16.6 (2.2) | 17.8 (2.5) | 16.2 (1.9) | 17.3 (2.5) | 17.0 (2.2) | 17.2 (1.2) | 17.3 (3.9) | 16.2 (1.6) | 16.8 (2.6) | 17.1 (2.0) |
| BMI Z-score 1 | 0.3 (1.2) | 0.9 (1.0) | 0.1 (1.1) | 0.6 (1.4) | 0.5 (1.0) | 0.8 (1.1) | 0.2 (2.7) | 0.2 (0.8) | 0.3 (1.5) | 0.6 (0.8) |
| BMI category 2 | ||||||||||
| Normal weight n (%) | 17 (85%) | 16 (80%) | 17 (85%) | 14 (70%) | 16 (80%) | 17 (85%) | 14 (70%) | 19 (95%) | 64 (80%) | 66 (82%) |
| Overweight n (%) | 2 (10%) | 2 (10%) | 1 (5%) | 5 (25%) | 3 (15%) | 3 (15%) | 3 (15%) | 1 (5%) | 9 (11%) | 11 (14%) |
| Obese n (%) | 1 (5%) | 2 (10%) | 2 (10%) | 1 (5%) | 1 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (15%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (9%) | 3 (4%) |
| Disease duration Years | 2.12 (1.4) | - | 3.2 (2.0) | - | 3.5 (2.20) | - | 6.5 (2.0) | - | 3.8 (1.9) | - |
BMI—body mass index; CD—chronic disease; CHD—congenital heart disease; CF—cystic fibrosis; JIA—juvenile idiopathic arthritis; T1DM—type1 diabetes mellitus. Data are presented as means and standard deviation SD unless otherwise specified. 1 Based on World Health Organization Growth Reference data from 2007 [26]. 2 Based on age- and gender-specific cut-offs defined body mass index at 18.5, 25, and 30 kg/m2 at age 18 years [15,16].