Table 3.
Changes of the psychological variables of the participants (N = 13).
| Pre | Post | Diff (Post-Pre) | Z | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sleep onset time (min) | 33.46 ± 19.94 | 42.69 ± 38.00 | 9.23 ± 26.05 | 1.06 | 0.291 |
| Sleep duration (min) | 332.31 ± 56.74 | 373.85 ± 61.99 | 41.54 ± 46.70 | −2.54 | 0.011 |
| PSQI-K | 8.00 ± 2.38 | 6.85 ± 2.61 | −1.15 ± 2.15 | −1.72 | 0.086 |
| ISI | 8.62 ± 3.01 | 8.54 ± 4.72 | −0.08 ± 3.73 | −0.102 | 0.918 |
| SSS | 2.62 ± 1.50 | 2.08 ± 0.49 | −0.54 ± 1.27 | −1.51 | 0.131 |
| ESS | 7.38 ± 3.48 | 8.46 ± 3.57 | 1.08 ± 3.01 | −0.99 | 0.324 |
| HADS | 12.08 ± 6.01 | 9.69 ± 6.56 | −2.38 ± 4.19 | −1.84 | 0.066 |
| PSS | 30.92 ± 4.19 | 28.23 ± 5.00 | −2.69 ± 3.73 | −2.25 | 0.025 |
| Somatization symptoms (KSCL95) | 14.23 ± 7.67 | 13.15 ± 9.06 | −1.08 ± 6.45 | −0.60 | 0.552 |
PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index-Korean, ISI: Insomnia Severity Index, SSS: Stanford Sleepiness Scale, ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale, HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, PSS: Perceived Stress Scale, KSCL95: Korean-Symptom Checklist 95.