Table 2.
Summary of exosomal miRNAs as potential disease biomarkers.
| Exosome Sources | Potential Biomarkers | Diseases | Target Genes/Pathways | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum | miR-193b | AD | APP | Inhibits AD development | [72] |
| Glioblastoma stem CCM | miR-9 | Antiangiogenic therapy for glioblastoma | RGS5, SOX7 & ABCB1 | Promotes angiogenesis | [73] |
| Plasma | miR-146a | Heart failure | IRAK-1, TRAF6, NOX-4 SMAD4 & TGF-β | Promotes the proliferation and inhibit the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes | [74] |
| Plasma | miR-21 & miR-181a-5p | Thyroid cancer | N/A | Distinguishes between follicular and papillary thyroid cancer | [75] |
| HCT116 CCM & serum | miR-25, miR-130b, and miR-425 | Colorectal cancer | PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway | Promotes the liver metastasis of colorectal cancer | [67] |
| CCM & serum | miR-1247-3p | Liver cancer | B4GALT3 | Promotes the lung metastasis of liver cancer | [76] |
| A2780 CCM | miR-223 | Epithelial ovarian cancer | PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway | Promotes chemoresistance | [77] |
| Multiple sources | miR-21 | Various cancers | Multiple targets | Promotes cancer development | [78,79,80,81,82] |
| Microglia culture media | miRNA-137 | Ischemic brain injury | NOTCH1 | Promotes neuroprotection | [83] |
| Plasma | miR-125a-5p/miR-141-5p | Prostate cancer | N/A | N/A | [84] |
| Serum | miR-7977 | Lung adenocarcinoma | N/A | Promotes proliferation and invasion, and inhibits apoptosis of A549 cells | [85] |
| Pan02 CCM | miR-155-5p & miR-221-5p | PDAC | E2F2 | Promotes PDAC progression | [86] |
| Cardiac telocyte CCM | miR-21-5p | Myocardial infarction | CDIP1 | Promotes angiogenesis | [87] |
| HT-29/SW480 CCM | miR-375-3p | Colon cancer | N/A | Regulates EMT of colon cancer cells | [88] |
| MSC CCM | miR-542-3p | Cerebral infarction | TLR4 | Inhibits inflammation and cerebral infarction | [89] |
| CCa CCM & serum | miR-1468-5p | Cervical cancer | HMBOX1 & JAK2/STAT3 pathway | Promotes tumor immune escape | [90] |
| MSC CCM | miR-21-5p | Breast cancer | S100A6 | Promotes chemoresistance | [91] |
| Plasma | miR-1-3p | Sepsis | SERP1 | Induces endothelial cell dysfunction | [92] |
| Plasma | miR-451a & miR-21-5p | AD | N/A | N/A | [93] |
| hUCMSC CCM & serum | miR-139-5p | Bladder cancer | PRC1 | Inhibits tumorigenesis | [94] |
| OSCC CCM & blood | miR-340-5p | OSCC | KLF10 | Promotes radioresistance | [95] |
| Saliva | miR-24-3p | OSCC | PER1 | Maintains the proliferation of OSCC cells | [96] |
| Saliva | miR-134 & miR-200a | OSCC | N/A | N/A | [97] |
| Serum | miR-1226 | PDAC | N/A | N/A | [98] |
APP: amyloid precursor protein; RGS5: regulator of G protein signaling 5; SOX7: SRY-box transcription factor 7; ABCB1: ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1; SMAD4: SMAD family member 4; TGF-β: transforming growth factor beta 1; B4GALT3: beta-1;4-galactosyltransferase 3; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog; NOTCH1: Notch Receptor 1; E2F2: E2F transcription factor 2; CDIP1: cell death inducing P53 target 1; TLR4: toll-like receptor 4; HMBOX1: homeobox containing 1; JAK2: janus kinase 2; STAT3L: signal transducer and activator of transcription; 3S100A6: S100 calcium binding protein A6; CCM: cell culture media; SERP1: stress associated endoplasmic reticulum protein 1; EBV: epstein-barr virus; AD: alzheimer’s disease; PRC1: polycomb repressor complex 1; KLF10: kruppel like factor 10; PER1: period circadian regulator 1; HCT116: human colorectal carcinoma reporter gene cell lines; A2780: human epithelial ovarian cancer cell line A2780; hUCMSCs: human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; A549: human LUAD cell line; PDAC: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; EMT: epithelial–mesenchymal transition; MSC: mesenchymal stem cell; CCa: cholangiocarcinoma; OSCC: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.