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. 2022 Feb 23;23(5):2445. doi: 10.3390/ijms23052445

Figure 4.

Figure 4

DAMPs induced activation of TLRs. Circulating DAMPs released after hypoxia, trauma and cell death lead to TLRs activation in immune cells, endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. Prolonged or excessive activation of TLRs on these cells provides a proinflammatory state, leading to endothelial dysfunction and subsequent cardiovascular disease (from [94], modified).