Table 1.

Effects of nutrients on sperm quality.

	Sperm Quality	Molecular Mechanism	References
Cholesterol	↓	↓ membrane fluidity ↓ testosterone synthesis ↑ oxidative stress	[55,71]
SFA	↓	↑ insulin resistance ↓ sperm mitochondrial function ↑ oxidative stress	[4]
MUFA	↑	↑ membrane fluidity ↑ sperm mitochondrial function ↓ oxidative stress	[5,7,61]
PUFA	↑	↓ insulin resistance ↓ lipogenesis ↑ membrane fluidity ↑ sperm mitochondrial function ↓ oxidative stress	[5,57]
Carbohydrates	↓ (high sugar intake)	↑ insulin resistance ↓ testosterone synthesis ↑ oxidative stress small RNA profiles	[74,75,79]
Proteins	↓ (low protein intake)	↓ testosterone synthesis	[84]