Table 1.
General characteristics of study participants by abdominal obesity in Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES).
| Variable | Men (n = 2875) | Women (n = 3003) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal Obesity | No Abdominal Obesity | p-Value 1 | Abdominal Obesity | No Abdominal Obesity | p-Value 1 | |
| Participants, n | 520 | 2355 | 1367 | 1636 | ||
| Age (years) | 50.5 ± 8.2 | 49.9 ± 8.3 | 0.178 | 53.5 ± 8.8 | 48.3 ± 7.7 | <0.0001 |
| Area | 0.009 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Ansung | 185 (35.6%) | 700 (29.7%) | 711 (52.0%) | 349 (21.3%) | ||
| Ansan | 335 (64.4%) | 1655 (70.3%) | 656 (48.0%) | 1287 (78.7%) | ||
| Education level | 0.705 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Elementary school or lower | 80 (15.4%) | 394 (16.7%) | 710 (51.9%) | 420 (25.7%) | ||
| Middle/High school | 320 (61.5%) | 1409 (59.8%) | 609 (44.6%) | 1040 (63.6%) | ||
| College or higher | 120 (23.1%) | 552 (23.4%) | 48 (3.5%) | 176 (10.8%) | ||
| Household income (10,000 won/month) | 0.297 | <0.0001 | ||||
| <100 | 114 (21.9%) | 523 (22.2%) | 634 (46.4%) | 379 (23.2%) | ||
| 100–200 | 147 (28.3%) | 693 (29.4%) | 376 (27.5%) | 500 (30.6%) | ||
| 200–300 | 105 (20.2%) | 523 (22.6%) | 203 (14.9%) | 393 (24.0%) | ||
| ≥300 | 154 (29.6%) | 607 (25.8%) | 154 (11.3%) | 364 (22.2%) | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.6 ± 2.0 | 23.4 ± 2.4 | <0.0001 | 26.5 ± 2.9 | 22.9 ± 2.3 | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.295 | <0.0001 | ||||
| None | 86 (16.5%) | 437 (18.6%) | 976 (71.4%) | 1107 (67.7%) | ||
| Past | 54 (10.4%) | 203 (8.6%) | 54 (4.0%) | 30 (1.8%) | ||
| Current | 380 (73.1%) | 1715 (72.8%) | 337 (24.7%) | 499 (30.5%) | ||
| Smoking status | 0.122 | 0.363 | ||||
| None | 114 (21.9%) | 458 (19.4%) | 1297 (94.9%) | 1557 (95.2%) | ||
| Past | 167 (32.1%) | 699 (29.7%) | 22 (1.6%) | 17 (1.0%) | ||
| Current | 239 (46.0%) | 1198 (50.9%) | 48 (3.5%) | 62 (3.8%) | ||
| MET (hours/day) 2 | 23.6 ± 14.8 | 24.7 ± 15.7 | 0.017 | 23.7 ± 14.8 | 20.1 ± 11.8 | <0.0001 |
| Dietary intake | ||||||
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 2124.6 ± 726.7 | 1999.9 ± 620.4 | <0.0001 | 1935.0 ± 730.7 | 1863.9 ± 636.0 | 0.005 |
| Protein intake (g/day) | 75.2 ± 32.5 | 69.4 ± 28.1 | <0.0001 | 64.7 ± 29.8 | 65.0 ± 30.0 | 0.761 |
| Fat intake (g/day) | 39.4 ± 22.7 | 36.5 ± 21.2 | 0.008 | 29.5 ± 19.5 | 32.0 ± 20.5 | 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate intake (g/day) | 361.8 ± 115.9 | 343.1 ± 96.7 | 0.001 | 348.6 ± 128.7 | 324.9 ± 103.3 | <0.0001 |
| Fiber intake (g/day) | 7.3 ± 3.5 | 6.8 ± 3.1 | 0.001 | 7.3 ± 3.8 | 6.8 ± 3.2 | <0.0001 |
| Weekly green tea consumption (cup) | 2.7 ± 5.0 | 2.4 ± 4.2 | 0.247 | 1.8 ± 4.3 | 2.6 ± 4.9 | <0.0001 |
| Blood pressure (n = 5872) | ||||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 123.3 ± 15.7 | 118.0 ± 15.3 | <0.0001 | 120.2 ± 16.6 | 111.7 ± 16.2 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 84.0 ± 10.1 | 79.7 ± 10.4 | <0.0001 | 78.9 ± 10.6 | 73.5 ± 10.2 | <0.0001 |
| Biomarkers | ||||||
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) (n = 5785) | 94.2 ± 24.8 | 89.2 ± 23.4 | <0.0001 | 86.6 ± 23.1 | 81.7 ± 14.1 | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) (n = 5878) | 199.5 ± 34.5 | 191.2 ± 36.1 | <0.0001 | 194.6 ± 37.2 | 184.9 ± 32.9 | <0.0001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) 3 (n = 5878) | 40.1 ± 7.5 | 44.5 ± 10.0 | <0.0001 | 44.0 ± 9.4 | 48.4 ± 10.4 | <0.0001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) (n = 5878) | 215.5 ± 135.3 | 163.2 ± 107.4 | <0.0001 | 159.6 ± 97.9 | 122.0 ± 63.4 | <0.0001 |
| CRP (mg/dL) 4 (n = 5877) | 0.28 ± 0.40 | 0.22 ± 0.41 | 0.004 | 0.23 ± 0.38 | 0.17 ± 0.42 | <0.0001 |
| Fasting insulin (uIU/mL) (n = 5786) | 8.9 ± 5.5 | 6.5 ± 3.5 | <0.0001 | 8.7 ± 6.2 | 7.0 ± 4.3 | <0.0001 |
Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) or number (%). 1 p-values were calculated using the chi-squared test for categorical variables and t-test for continuous variables. 2 MET, metabolic equivalent of task. 3 HDL cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. 4 CRP, C-reactive protein.