Table 2.
General characteristics, biomarkers, and dietary intake of the KoGES Cohort Study participants by weekly green tea consumption (no. of cups).
| Variable | Men (n = 2875) | Women (n = 3003) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weekly Green Tea Consumption (No. of Cups) | ||||||||||
| None | <1 | 1 to <4 | ≥4 | p-Value 1 | None | <1 | 1 to <4 | ≥4 | p-Value 1 | |
| Participants, n | 1099 | 483 | 727 | 566 | 1137 | 575 | 774 | 517 | ||
| Age (years) | 52.0 ± 8.9 | 50.3 ± 8.5 | 49.1 ± 7.7 | 47.1 ± 6.5 | <0.0001 | 53.1 ± 8.9 | 50.7 ± 8.6 | 48.7 ± 7.9 | 47.9 ± 7.5 | <0.0001 |
| Area | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Ansung | 439 (39.9%) | 185 (38.3%) | 178 (24.5%) | 83 (14.7%) | 557 (49.0%) | 238 (41.4%) | 168 (21.7%) | 97 (18.8%) | ||
| Ansan | 660 (60.1%) | 298 (61.7%) | 549 (75.5%) | 483 (85.3%) | 580 (51.0%) | 337 (58.6%) | 606 (78.3%) | 420 (81.2%) | ||
| Education level | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Elementary school or lower | 276 (25.1%) | 85 (17.6%) | 80 (11.0%) | 33 (5.8%) | 611 (53.7%) | 223 (38.8%) | 196 (25.3%) | 100 (19.3%) | ||
| Middle/High school | 681 (62.0%) | 303 (62.7%) | 449 (61.8%) | 296 (52.3%) | 478 (42%) | 317 (55.1%) | 496 (64.1%) | 358 (69.2%) | ||
| College or higher | 142 (12.9%) | 95 (19.7%) | 198 (27.2%) | 237 (41.9%) | 48 (4.2%) | 35 (6.1%) | 82 (10.6%) | 59 (11.4%) | ||
| Household income (10,000 won/month) |
<0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| <100 | 357 (32.5%) | 122 (25.3%) | 108 (14.9%) | 50 (8.8%) | 528 (46.4%) | 215 (37.4%) | 177 (22.9%) | 93 (18.0%) | ||
| 100–200 | 336 (30.6%) | 166 (34.4%) | 219 (30.1%) | 119 (21.0%) | 311 (27.4%) | 185 (32.2%) | 224 (28.9%) | 156 (30.2%) | ||
| 200–300 | 211 (19.2%) | 100 (20.7%) | 172 (23.7%) | 154 (27.2%) | 178 (15.7%) | 95 (16.5%) | 205 (26.5%) | 118 (22.8%) | ||
| ≥300 | 195 (17.7%) | 95 (19.7%) | 228 (31.4%) | 243 (42.9%) | 120 (10.6%) | 80 (13.9%) | 168 (21.7%) | 150 (29.0%) | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.8 ± 3.0 | 23.9 ± 2.9 | 24.4 ± 2.7 | 24.7 ± 2.5 | <0.0001 | 24.5 ± 3.3 | 24.4 ± 3.1 | 24.5 ± 3.1 | 24.6 ± 3.0 | 0.745 |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.204 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| None | 208 (18.9%) | 98 (20.3%) | 118 (16.2%) | 99 (17.5%) | 833 (73.3%) | 405 (70.4%) | 495 (64.0%) | 350 (67.7%) | ||
| Past | 108 (9.8%) | 44 (9.1%) | 66 (9.1%) | 39 (6.9%) | 35 (3.1%) | 18 (3.1%) | 18 (2.3%) | 13 (2.5%) | ||
| Current | 783 (71.2%) | 341 (70.6%) | 543 (74.7%) | 428 (75.6%) | 269 (23.7%) | 152 (26.4%) | 261 (33.7%) | 154 (29.8%) | ||
| Smoking status | <0.0001 | 0.382 | ||||||||
| None | 171 (15.6%) | 110 (22.8%) | 178 (24.5%) | 113 (20.0%) | 1075 (94.5%) | 545 (94.8%) | 747 (96.5%) | 487 (94.2%) | ||
| Past | 283 (25.8%) | 147 (30.4%) | 243 (33.4%) | 193 (34.1%) | 17 (1.5%) | 7 (1.2%) | 9 (1.2%) | 6 (1.2%) | ||
| Current | 645 (58.7%) | 226 (46.8%) | 306 (42.1%) | 260 (45.9%) | 45 (4.0%) | 23 (4.0%) | 18 (2.3%) | 24 (4.6%) | ||
| MET (hours/day) 2 | 24.7 ± 15.7 | 23.6 ± 14.8 | 22.4 ± 13.3 | 20.3 ± 11.9 | <0.0001 | 24.0 ± 15.0 | 21.4 ± 13.8 | 20.4 ± 11.8 | 19.0 ± 10.5 | <0.0001 |
| Dietary intake | ||||||||||
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1972.8 ± 677.9 | 1912.5 ± 541.4 | 2039.4 ± 560.5 | 2191.1 ± 714.0 | <0.0001 | 1825.6 ± 659.5 | 1850.6 ± 726.4 | 1969.0 ± 645.0 | 1993.5 ± 710.2 | <0.0001 |
| Protein intake (g/day) | 66.6 ± 30.9 | 63.9 ± 24.5 | 71.7 ± 23.2 | 81.7 ± 32.1 | <0.0001 | 59.7 ± 28.8 | 62.4 ± 34.5 | 68.9 ± 25.5 | 72.9 ± 30.4 | <0.0001 |
| Fat intake (g/day) | 35.1 ± 23.1 | 32.9 ± 19.2 | 37.7 ± 17.6 | 43.3 ± 23.4 | <0.0001 | 27.5 ± 19.2 | 28.7 ± 22.2 | 33.9 ± 16.9 | 36.0 ± 21.9 | <0.0001 |
| Carbohydrate intake (g/day) | 341.9 ± 107.4 | 334.4 ± 84.3 | 347.8 ± 91.4 | 363.7 ± 109.1 | <0.0001 | 330.1 ± 113.7 | 331.2 ± 119.2 | 343.1 ± 114.9 | 341.6 ± 119.1 | 0.048 |
| Fiber intake (g/day) | 6.6 ± 3.1 | 6.4 ± 3.2 | 6.9 ± 2.9 | 7.6 ± 3.5 | <0.0001 | 6.7 ± 3.4 | 6.9 ± 3.6 | 7.3 ± 3.3 | 7.6 ± 3.7 | <0.0001 |
| Blood pressure (n = 5872) | ||||||||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120.4 ± 16.5 | 119.6 ± 15.7 | 117.2 ± 14.8 | 117.9 ± 13.7 | <0.0001 | 118.1 ± 17.6 | 116.1 ± 16.5 | 113.5 ± 16.2 | 112.3 ± 16.1 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80.5 ± 10.8 | 80.3 ± 10.5 | 79.9 ± 10.5 | 81.0 ± 9.8 | 0.304 | 77.2 ± 11.0 | 76.6 ± 10.6 | 74.7 ± 10.3 | 74.3 ± 10.6 | <0.0001 |
| Biomarkers | ||||||||||
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) (n = 5785) | 88.2 ± 21.4 | 89.0 ± 20.4 | 90.5 ± 22.7 | 94.4 ± 31.0 | <0.0001 | 84.3 ± 18.4 | 83.0 ± 18.6 | 84.2 ± 17.5 | 83.7 ± 22.0 | 0.558 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) (n = 5878) | 189.7 ± 36.2 | 190.7 ± 36.0 | 194.1 ± 34.9 | 198.6 ± 36.1 | <0.0001 | 190.3 ± 36.0 | 185.7 ± 34.2 | 191.1 ± 36.1 | 188.5 ± 33.3 | 0.026 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) 3 (n = 5878) | 44.1 ± 10.1 | 43.6 ± 9.6 | 43.3 ± 9.4 | 43.3 ± 9.7 | 0.232 | 46.2 ± 10.1 | 45.4 ± 9.8 | 47.1 ± 10.4 | 47.0 ± 10.2 | 0.008 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) (n = 5878) | 174.3 ± 115.0 | 168.8 ± 116.6 | 173.4 ± 117.2 | 171.8 ± 109.5 | 0.843 | 142.3 ± 88.0 | 142.8 ± 81.9 | 136.0 ± 83.6 | 132.5 ± 71.2 | 0.067 |
| CRP (mg/dL) 4 (n = 5877) | 0.24 ± 0.50 | 0.22 ± 0.33 | 0.22 ± 0.33 | 0.25 ± 0.38 | 0.344 | 0.20 ± 0.41 | 0.21 ± 0.46 | 0.20 ± 0.37 | 0.18 ± 0.33 | 0.689 |
| Fasting Insulin (uIU/mL) (n = 5786) | 6.8 ± 3.8 | 7.0 ± 4.3 | 6.9 ± 4.0 | 7.2 ± 4.4 | 0.304 | 8.0 ± 6.7 | 7.7 ± 4.2 | 7.6 ± 4.1 | 7.6 ± 4.7 | 0.428 |
Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) or number (%). 1 p-values were calculated using the chi-squared test for categorical variables and ANOVA for continuous variables. 2 MET, metabolic equivalent of task. 3 HDL cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. 4 CRP, C-reactive protein.