Table 1.
Scale content and corresponding references.
| Construct | Item | Content | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Normlessness (N) | N1 | Driving without getting into trouble, any driving operation is allowed. | [39,40] |
| N2 | As long as you are not caught by traffic police or electronic cameras, you will violate traffic laws. | ||
| N3 | Sometimes you break the law to get to your destination faster (e.g., speeding, turning without yielding to pedestrians). | ||
| N4 | Certain driving behaviors are incorrect even though they are not illegal or unlawful. | ||
| Attitude (ATT) | ATT1 | You think it is safe to properly assess driving risks. | [43,45] |
| ATT2 | You think that underestimating driving risks can lead to traffic accidents. | ||
| ATT3 | It is more comfortable for you to underestimate the risks when driving. | ||
| ATT4 | It is more pleasant for you to underestimate the risks when driving. | ||
| Subjective norm (SN) | SN1 | Your family members will agree that you should underestimate the risks when driving. | [43,45] |
| SN2 | Your family members often underestimate risks when driving. | ||
| SN3 | Your colleagues and friends would agree that you underestimate the risk when driving. | ||
| SN4 | Other drivers on the road underestimate the risk when driving. | ||
| Perceived behavioral control (PBC) | PBC1 | You are so confident in your driving skills that you can underestimate the risks when driving. | [43,45] |
| PBC2 | Whether you underestimate the risks when driving is entirely up to you. | ||
| PBC3 | You always underestimate driving the risks unconsciously. | ||
| PBC4 | You think it is difficult to correctly assess risks when driving. | ||
| Intention (IN) | IN1 | You underestimate the risks when you have an emergency. | [43] |
| IN2 | You underestimate the risk when traffic conditions are good. | ||
| IN3 | When you are in a good mood, you underestimate the driving risk. | ||
| Underestimating driving risks behavior (URB) | URB1 | You always overtake the car in front of you even when it maintains a proper speed. | In this article |
| URB2 | You always fail to give way in order to make time (e.g., turning to allow a car going straight, crossing a crosswalk to allow a pedestrian to pass). | ||
| URB3 | You are always distracted by what is going on around you while driving. | ||
| URB4 | You drive so close to the car in front that you cannot stop when it brakes. |