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. 2022 Feb 25;23(5):2550. doi: 10.3390/ijms23052550

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The origins, differentiation ability, and delivery methods of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs are mainly derived from adipose tissue (AT), bone marrow (BM), umbilical cord blood (UCB), and umbilical cord (UC). MSCs have the potential to differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, neurons, and glial cells. MSCs can be delivered by intracerebral injection (IC), intracisternal/cerebroventricular injection (ICV), intranasal delivery (IN), and intravascular routes of delivery, such as intravenous injection (IV) or intra-arterial infusion (IA).