Table 1.

Summary of the negative effects of selected xenoestrogens and estrogens on chosen teleost fishes systems and their detected concentrations in the surface waters of the world.

Compound	Selected Negative Effects	Environmentally Detected Concentrations	References
17- β-estradiol E2	DNA damage Carcinogenesis Cardioviscular diseases Brachycardic effect Cyto—genetoxic effect on fish blood Lipid transformation Modification on interleukin 1β Ovotestis and gonadal development retardations;	175 ng/L—Venice lagoon/February 2002	[48,59,72,84,85,122,126]
17- α -Ethinylestradiol EE2	Carcinogenesis Neoplastic processes Hepatocarcinogenetic processes Vtg mRNA level increased Reduced Thymus growth;	21.5 ng/L—mean concentration, China, 2021	[46,72,113,127]
Bisphenols BPs	Disrupted ER expression Disrupted gene expression DNA damage Impaired myocardial hemodynamics Negative impact on blood cells (RBC, WBC, Hb%) Calcium signaling pathway Glutathione metabolism; Disrupted lipid metabolism Reduced sperm motility Morphopatological alteration in gonads Up regulated: leptin receptors, ERα and ERβ, hepatic genes and oogenesis.	63.64 ng/L New Calabar River, Nigeria, 2019	[47,49,54,55,79,80,81,82,85,121,128]
Zearaleone ZAE	Anatomical changes of heart muscle Disturbed gene expression Suppresed fish immune answer Negative impact on blood cells Morphological anomalies Intersex specimens;	43.7 ng/L—Poland, 2009	[87,107,112,119,129]
Nonylophenol NP	DNA damage Carcinogenesis Increased expression of insulin like growth factor Vtg production	106–296 ng/L—Haihe river, China, 2004	[97,98,130]
Bifenthrin	Disturbed gene expression Deregulation of glutathione conjugtion	51.0 mg/L—Stanislaus River, USA, 2009	[47,83,131]
Levonorgestrel	Disturbed gene expression Deregulation of glutathione conjugtion	0.1 ng/L—Australia, 2015	[47,83,132]
Cadmium Cd	Activation of the ERα gene Disruption of expresion of genes responsible for ribosomal structure, biogenesis, RNA processing and modification, cell cycle control, cell division and chromosome division	45.01 mg/L—Longjiang River, 2012	[76,125,133]
Lead Pb	Increased incidence of histopathologies, Changes in number and morphology of germline cells, Up-regulation of expression of vitellogenin	4.6 ppb—mean concentration in surface waters, USA, 1996–2016	[124,134]