Table 6.
Effects of hazelnut consumption on body weight (n = 17).
| Author, Year | Study Design | Participant Characteristics |
Duration | Comparison Made Body Weight |
Treatment Body Weight |
Change in Body Weight 1 | Between Treatments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alphan et al., 1997 [51] | Sequential intervention periods 2 treatments |
19 (5 M, 14 F) Type 2 diabetics |
30 days | (i) Baseline BMI: 27.5 kg/m2 |
(i) High CHO diet (60% CHO, 25% fat) BMI: 27.3 kg/m2 |
(i) No significant change | Between-group analysis NR. |
| (ii) Baseline BMI: 27.1 kg/m2 |
(ii) Hazelnut diet (40% CHO, 40% fat, Hazelnut amount NR) BMI: 27.1 kg/m2 |
(ii) No significant change | |||||
| Damavandi et al., 2012 [37] | Randomised parallel 2 treatments |
50 (16 M, 34 F) with type 2 diabetes | 8 weeks | (i)Baseline Weight: 72.13 kg BMI: 28.47 kg/m2 |
(i) Hazelnut (10% TE) Weight: 71.47 kg BMI: 27.92 kg/m2 |
(i) No significant change | No significant between-group differences in body weight or BMI. |
| (ii) Baseline Weight: 71.98 kg BMI: 28.18 kg/m2 |
(ii) Control: no hazelnuts Weight: 71.64 kg BMI: 28.08 kg/m2 |
(ii) No significant change | |||||
| Deon et al., 2018 [39] | Randomised parallel 3 treatments |
66 children and adolescents (35 M 31 F) with hyperlipidaemia | 8 weeks | (i) Baseline Weight: 44.4 kg BMI: 20.4 kg/m2 |
(i) Hazelnuts with skin (0.43 g/kg (15–30 g/d)) Weight: 45.0 kg BMI: 20.3 kg/m2 |
(i) No significant change for BMI | No significant between-group differences in BMI, there was a time effect for height and weight. |
| (ii) Baseline Weight: 47.8 kg BMI: 20.3 kg/m2 |
(ii) Hazelnuts without skin (0.43 g/kg (15–30 g/d)) Weight: 48.4 kg BMI: 20.3 kg/m2 |
(ii) No significant change for BMI | |||||
| (iii) Baseline Weight: 49.5 kg BMI: 20.9 kg/m2 |
(iii) Control: no hazelnuts Weight: 50.0 kg BMI: 20.8 kg/m2 |
(iii) No significant change for BMI | |||||
| Di Renzo et al., 2014 [52] | Sequential intervention periods 2 treatments |
24 participants BMI ≥ 19 kg/m2 |
4 weeks | (i) Baseline Weight: 66.15 kg |
(i) 4 week standard diet (Italian Mediterranean diet) Weight: 67.8 kg WC: 77.44 cm HC: 97.5 cm Fat mass: 16.93 kg LBM: 34.56 kg |
NR | HC and LBM was significantly higher, and fat mass was significantly lower after the hazelnut diet compared to the standard diet (all p < 0.05). |
| (ii) Baseline NR |
(ii) Hazelnuts (40 g/d) Weight: 66.8 kg WC: 76.43 cm HC: 99.76 cm Fat mass: 14.83 kg LBM: 35.07 kg |
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| Di Renzo et al., 2019 [53] | Single intervention Pilot |
24 (14 M, 10 F) healthy |
6 weeks | (i) Baseline ‡ Weight: 71.4 kg BMI: 25.95 kg/m2 WC: 86.25 cm AC: 94.00 cm HC: 98.25 cm Total body fat: 34.75 kg Total BF: 29.65% Android BF: 28.75% Gynoid BF: 21.08% LBM: 47.63 kg ASMMI: 8.37 |
(i) Hazelnuts (40 g/d) ‡ Weight: 71.05 kg BMI: 25.76 kg/m2 WC: 85.00 cm AC: 93.50 cm HC: 99.00 cm Total body fat: 34.95 kg Total BF: 29.05% Android BF: 28.80% Gynoid BF: 21.34% LBM: 48.09 kg ASMMI: 8.05 |
(i) AC was significantly lower after the hazelnut intervention | N/A, single intervention |
| Durak et al., 1999 [54] | Single intervention | 30 (18 M, 12 F) Healthy Medical students |
1 month | (i) Habitual diet Weight: 68.7 kg |
(i) Hazelnuts (1 g/kg BW (68–69 g)) Weight: 69.2 kg |
(i) No significant change | N/A, single intervention |
| Mercanligil et al., 2007 [55] | Sequential intervention periods 2 treatments |
15 (15 M, 0 F) Hyper-cholesterolaemic |
4 weeks | (i) Baseline Weight: 74.3 kg |
(i) Control LF, high CHO diet Weight: 74.2 kg |
(i) No significant change | No significant between-group differences in body weight. |
| (ii) Baseline Weight: 74.3 kg |
(ii) Control + Hazelnuts (40 g/d) Weight: 74.0 kg |
(ii) No significant change | |||||
| Michels et al., 2018 [56] | Single intervention | 32 (10 M, 22F F) healthy, non-frequent nut consumers, Vit E intake <10 mg a-tocopherol/d, no Vit E supplements in previous 12 months | 16 weeks | (i) Baseline BMI: 26.1 kg/m2 |
(i) Hazelnuts, dry roasted (~57 g/day) BMI: 26.3 kg/m2 |
(i) BMI: +0.2 kg/m2 (p = 0.009) |
N/A, single intervention |
| Orem et al., 2013 [57] | Double control sandwich model intervention |
21 (18 M, 3 F) Hyper-cholesterolaemic | 4 weeks | (i) 4 week no-nut (Control I) diet Weight: 81.0 kg BMI: 27.4 kg/m2 |
(ii) 4-week hazelnut-enriched diet (49–86 g/d (18–20% TER)) Weight: 79.1 kg BMI: 26.9 kg/m2 |
(i) to (ii): Weight: −0.9 kg; −2.3% BMI: −0.5 kg/m2; −2.02% |
Body weight and BMI were significantly different between (i) and (ii) and between (i) and (iii). There was no significant difference in body weight or BMI between (ii) and (iii). |
| (ii) 4-week hazelnut-enriched diet (49–86 g/d (18–20% TER)) Weight: 79.1 kg BMI: 26.9 kg/m2 |
(iii) 4 week no-nut (Control II) diet Weight: 79.5 kg BMI: 26.9 kg/m2 |
(ii) to (iii): Weight: +0.4 kg; +0.4% BMI: no numerical change; +0.07% |
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| Santi et al., 2017 [58] | Double control sandwich model intervention |
24 (14 M, 10 F) Healthy, BMI > 19 kg/m2, <30 kg/m2 |
6-weeks | (i) 2-week ‘standard’ diet | (ii) 6-week raw hazelnut (40 g/d) (iii) 6-week ‘standard’ diet ‘washout’ |
No significant changes in body weight | NR |
| Tey et al., 2011 [43] | Randomised Crossover 3 treatments |
48 (20 M, 28 F) Mildly hyper-cholesterolaemic |
4 weeks | (i) Baseline Weight: 73.7 kg BMI: 25.7 kg/m2 |
(i) Ground hazelnuts (30 g/d) Weight: 73.8 kg BMI: 25.8 kg/m2 |
(i) No significant change | No significant between-group differences in body weight or BMI. |
| (ii) Baseline Weight: 73.7 kg BMI: 25.7 kg/m2 |
(ii) Sliced hazelnuts (30 g/d) Weight: 74.0 kg BMI: 25.9 kg/m2 |
(ii) No significant change | |||||
| (iii) Baseline Weight: 73.7 kg BMI: 25.7 kg/m2 |
(iii) Whole hazelnuts (30 g/d) Weight: 74.0 kg BMI: 25.9 kg/m2 |
(iii) No significant change | |||||
| Tey et al., 2011 [45] | Randomised Parallel 4 treatments |
118 (55 M, 63 F) Healthy, BMI < 30 kg/m2 |
12 weeks | (i) Baseline Weight: 67.3 kg BMI: 22.9 kg/m2 Body fat: 25.8% Waist circ: 79.0 cm |
(i) Control (no hazelnuts) Weight: 67.76 kg BMI: 23.04 kg/m2 Body fat: 24.96% Waist circ: 80.36 cm |
(i) No significant change | No significant between-group differences in body weight, BMI, body fat, and waist circumference. |
| (ii) Baseline Weight: 72.0 kg BMI: 24.6 kg/m2 Body fat: 28.1% Waist circ: 82.1 cm |
(ii) Hazelnuts (42 g/d) Weight: 72.83 kg BMI: 24.88 kg/m2 Body fat: 27.35% Waist circ: 84.23 cm |
(ii) No significant change | |||||
| (iii) Baseline Weight: 69.2 kg BMI: 23.6 kg/m2 Body fat: 26.7% Waist circ: 80.2 cm |
(iii) Chocolate (50 g/d) Weight: 69.79 kg BMI: 23.81 kg/m2 Body fat: 25.47% Waist circ: 81.5 cm |
(iii) No significant change | |||||
| (iv) Baseline Weight: 69.5 kg BMI: 23.9 kg/m2 Body fat: 26.9% Waist circ: 81.7 cm |
(iv) Potato crisps (50 g/d) Weight: 70.0 kg BMI: 24.05 kg/m2 Body fat: 25.81% Waist circ: 81.17 cm |
(iv) No significant change | |||||
| Tey et al., 2013 [47] | Randomised Parallel 3 treatments |
107 (46 M, 61 F) Overweight and obese individuals with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 |
12 weeks | (i) Baseline Weight: 88.7 kg BMI: 30.4 kg/m2 Body fat: 33.9% Fat mass: 30.1 kg Fat-free mass: 58.7 kg |
(i) Control (no hazelnuts) Weight: 88.7 kg BMI: 30.4 kg/m2 Body fat: 33.9% Fat mass: 30.1 kg Fat-free mass: 58.6 kg |
(i) No significant change | There were no significant differences in body weight, BMI, body fat percent, fat mass, and fat-free mass between the treatments. |
| (ii) Baseline Weight: 86.2 kg BMI: 30.7 kg/m2 Body fat: 35.4% Fat mass: 30.7 kg Fat-free mass: 55.5 kg |
(ii) Hazelnuts (30 g/d) Weight: 86.2 kg BMI: 30.7 kg/m2 Body fat: 35.4% Fat mass: 30.7 kg Fat-free mass: 55.6 kg |
(ii) No significant change | |||||
| (iii) Baseline Weight: 92.0 kg BMI: 30.9 kg/m2 Body fat: 35.0% Fat mass: 32.5 kg Fat-free mass: 59.5 kg |
(iii) Hazelnuts (60 g/d) Weight: 92.2 kg BMI: 30.9 kg/m2 Body fat: 34.9% Fat mass: 32.5 kg Fat-free mass: 59.7 kg |
(iii) No significant change | |||||
| Tey et al., 2015 [59] | Single intervention | 20 Māori (8 M, 12 F) and 19 (5 M, 14 F) European aged above 18 years | 4 weeks | Māori (i) Baseline Weight ^: 76.3 kg BMI ^: 25.5 kg/m2 Body fat ^: 26.9% |
Māori (i) Hazelnuts (30 g/d) Weight ^: 76.3 kg BMI ^: 25.5 kg/m2 Body fat ^: 27.3% |
Māori (i) No significant change |
N/A, single intervention, but there were no significant differences in body weight, BMI, and body fat percent between Māori and Europeans. |
| European (ii) Baseline Weight ^: 71.5 kg BMI ^: 24.4 kg/m2 Body fat ^: 25.9% |
European (ii) Hazelnuts (30 g/d) Weight ^: 71.8 kg BMI ^: 24.4 kg/m2 Body fat ^: 26.6% |
European (i) No significant change |
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| Tey et al., 2017 [49] | Randomised Crossover 2 treatments |
72 (24 M, 48 F) Aged 18 years and above |
4 weeks | (i) Baseline Weight: 76.7 kg BMI: 26.7 kg/m2 Body fat: 32.0% Fat mass: 25.1 kg Fat-free mass: 51.6 kg |
(i) Raw hazelnuts (30 g/d) Weight: 76.57 kg BMI: 26.65 kg/m2 Body fat: 31.83% Fat mass: 24.83 kg Fat-free mass: 51.71 kg |
(i) No significant change | There were no significant differences in body weight, BMI, body fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass between the treatments. |
| (ii) Baseline Weight: 76.7 kg BMI: 26.7 kg/m2 Body fat: 32.0% Fat mass: 25.1 kg Fat-free mass: 51.6 kg |
(ii) Dry roasted, lightly salted hazelnuts (30 g/d) Weight: 76.67 kg BMI: 26.68 kg/m2 Body fat: 31.86% Fat mass: 24.96 kg Fat-free mass: 51.69 kg |
(ii) No significant change | |||||
| Yilmaz et al., 2019 [50] | Randomised Parallel 4 treatments |
37 (0 M, 37 F) Hyperlipidaemia, Obese |
6 weeks | (i) Baseline Weight: 78.5 kg BMI: 35.7 kg/m2 Waist circ: 104.1 cm Waist/Hip ratio: 0.88 Fat mass: 34.0 kg Fat mass: 43.1% |
(i) Hazelnuts (50 g/d) and cardioprotective diet Weight: 76.0 kg BMI: 34.5 kg/m2 Waist circ: 98.3 cm Waist/Hip ratio: 0.85 Fat mass: 31.8 kg Fat mass: 41.7% |
(i) Hazelnuts (50 g/d) Weight: −2.5 kg (p = 0.030) BMI: −1.2 kg/m2 (p = 0.031) Waist circ: −5.7 cm (p = 0.113) Waist/Hip ratio: −0.03 (p = 0.650) Fat mass: −2.21 kg (p = 0.005) Fat mass: −1.41% (p = 0.001) |
There were no significant differences in body weight, BMI, waist circumference, waist/hip ratio, and fat mass between the treatments. |
| (ii) Baseline Weight: 83.7 kg BMI: 35.8 kg/m2 Waist circ: 106.1 cm Waist/Hip ratio: 0.89 Fat mass: 35.4 kg Fat mass: 41.9% |
(ii) Raisins (50 g/d) and cardioprotective diet Weight: 82.2 kg BMI: 35.1 kg/m2 Waist circ: 101.2 cm Waist/Hip ratio: 0.86 Fat mass: 34.1 kg Fat mass: 41.1% |
(ii) Raisins (50 g/d) Weight: −1.5 kg (p = 0.074) BMI: −0.7 kg/m2 (p = 0.046) Waist circ: −4.9 cm (p = 0.0001) Waist/Hip ratio: −0.03 (p = 0.009) Fat mass: −1.32 kg (p = 0.021) Fat mass: −0.90% (p = 0.241) |
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| (iii) Baseline Weight: 80.0 kg BMI: 34.6 kg/m2 Waist circ: 98.3 cm Waist/Hip ratio: 0.85 Fat mass: 33.3 kg Fat mass: 41.4% |
(iii) Hazelnuts (50 g/d) and Raisins (50 g/d) and cardioprotective diet Weight: 77.9 kg BMI: 33.6 kg/m2 Waist circ: 95.1 cm Waist/Hip ratio: 0.85 Fat mass: 31.1 kg Fat mass: 39.6% |
(iii) Hazelnuts (50 g/d) and Raisins (50 g/d) Weight: −2.1 kg (p = 0.002) BMI: −0.9 kg/m2 (p = 0.004) Waist circ: −3.2 cm (p = 0.122) Waist/Hip ratio: −0.01 (p = 1.000) Fat mass: −2.26 kg (p = 0.001) Fat mass: −1.72% (p = 0.002) |
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| (iv) Baseline Weight: 81.9 kg BMI: 36.0 kg/m2 Waist circ: 108.1 cm Waist/Hip ratio: 0.91 Fat mass: 35.7 kg Fat mass: 43.4% |
(iv) Control (Cardioprotective diet) Weight: 79.6 kg BMI: 34.9 kg/m2 Waist circ: 99.9 cm Waist/Hip ratio: 0.87 Fat mass: 33.5 kg Fat mass: 41.9% |
(iv) Control (Cardioprotective diet) Weight: −2.4 kg (p = 0.017) BMI: −1.1 kg/m2 (p = 0.020) Waist circ: −8.2 cm (p = 0.002) Waist/Hip ratio: −0.05 (p = 0.009) Fat mass: −2.17 kg (p = 0.002) Fat mass: −1.42% (p = 0.003) |
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| Yucesan et al., 2010 [60] | Single intervention | 21 (8 M, 13 F) Normolipidaemic |
4 weeks | (i) Baseline: 64.5 kg |
(i) Hazelnuts (1 g/kg BW (49–86 g/d)): 64.7 kg | (i) No significant change | N/A, single intervention |
Abbreviations used: AC, abdominal circumference; ASMMI: appendicular skeletal muscle mass index; BF, body fat; BMI, body mass index; BW, body weight; CHO, carbohydrate; circ, circumference; F, female; HC, hip circumference; LBM, lean body mass; LF, low fat; M, male; N/A, not applicable; NR, not reported; TE, total energy; TER, total energy requirement; WC, waist circumference. All values are arithmetic means unless otherwise stated. 1 Change (within-group) = Post-treatment value minus Pre-treatment value (i.e., baseline). ^ Geometric mean. ‡ Median.