Table 1.
Human aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) gene superfamily.
| Gene Name | Chromosomal Location | Protein Subcellular Location | Expression | Substrate/Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALDH1A1 | 9q21.13 | Cytoplasm, cytosol | Liver, duodenum, 18 other tissues | Retinaldehyde [19,20,21]; Acetaldehyde [22] |
| ALDH1A2 | 15q21.3 | Cytoplasm, cytosol | Endometrium, testes, 8 other tissues | Retinaldehyde [23,24,25] |
| ALDH1A3 | 15q26.3 | Cytoplasm, cytosol | Prostate, bladder, 14 other tissues | Retinaldehyde [26,27] |
| ALDH1B1 | 9p13.1 | Mitochondrion | Liver, kidneys, 19 other tissues | Acetaldehyde [28,29] |
| ALDH1L1 | 3q21.3 | Cytoplasm, cytosol | Liver, kidneys, 8 other tissues | 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate [30,31,32] |
| ALDH1L2 | 12q23.3 | Mitochondrion | Pancreas, salivary gland, 22 other tissues | 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate [33,34] |
| ALDH2 | 12q24.12 | Mitochondrion | Fat, liver, 19 other tissues | Acetaldehyde [35,36]; 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) [37,38]; Malondialdehyde (MDA) [39] |
| ALDH3A1 | 17p11.2 | Cytoplasm, cytosol | Esophagus, stomach, skin | Benzaldehyde [36,40,41] |
| ALDH3A2 | 17p11.2 | Endoplasmic reticulum | Skin, adrenal glands, 22 other tissues | Hexadecenal [42,43,44] |
| ALDH3B1 | 11q13.2 | Plasma membrane | Lungs, bone marrow, 17 other tissues | Octaldehyde [36]; Benzaldehyde [45]; 4-HNE [45,46]; Hexanal [45,46]; Nonanal [46] |
| ALDH3B2 | 11q13.2 | Lipid droplet | Skin, esophagus, 3 other tissues | Medium-chain to long-chain aldehydes [47] |
| ALDH4A1 | 1p36.13 | Mitochondrion | Kidneys, liver, 8 other tissues | Glutamate γ-semialdehyde [48,49,50,51] |
| ALDH5A1 | 6p22.3 | Mitochondrion | Liver, brain, 23 other tissues | Succinic semialdehyde [52,53]; 4-HNE [53] |
| ALDH6A1 | 14q24.3 | Mitochondrion | Kidneys, liver, 11 other tissues | Methylmalonate-semialdehyde [54] |
| ALDH7A1 | 5q23.2 | Cytoplasm, cytosol, mitochondrion, nucleus | Kidneys, liver, 24 other tissues | α-Aminoadipic-semialdehyde [55,56] |
| ALDH8A1 | 6q23.3 | Cytoplasm, cytosol | Liver, kidneys | Retinaldehyde [36,57] |
| ALDH9A1 | 1q24.1 | Cytoplasm, cytosol | Fat, thyroid gland, 25 other tissues | γ-Trimethylaminobutyraldehyde [58,59] |
| ALDH16A1 | 19q13.33 | Membrane | Spleen, duodenum, 25 other tissues | Unknown, lacks measurable catalytic activity [60] |
| ALDH18A1 | 10q24.1 | Mitochondrion | Duodenum, small intestine, 25 other tissues | Glutamate; γ-Glutamyl phosphate [61,62,63,64] |
Basic gene information was acquired from the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) and Uniprot (Universal Protein) databases.