Table 1.

P-SH and S-thiolated proteins in the plasma or serum of patients with moderate-to-severe stages of CKD. All of the data are expressed as means ± SD, unless otherwise indicated. (a) Median, with interquartile range in parentheses. The data of S-thiolated proteins are in grey cells. *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05.

Concentration		Albumin Concentration mg/dL		Additional Information	Reference
CKD Patients	Control Group	CKD Patients	Control Group
202 ± 20 μM (n = 10)	279 ± 12 μM (n = 10)	-	-	CKD patients not receiving renal replacement therapy	[77]
182.3 ± 15.9 μg/L (n = 24) ***	286.4 ± 21.8 μg/L (n = 20)	-	-	albumin significantly lower in CKD patients compared to healthy controls (p < 0.0001) Analyses performed in serum	[78]
304.0 ± 55.2 μM (n = 184) ***	328.4 ± 33.3 μM (n = 43)	4.3 ± 0.38	4.4 ± 0.22	CKD patients at stages 3, 4	[79]
191.26 ± 16.75 μM (n = 41) **	342.34 ± 43.43 μM (n = 41)	2.1 ± 1.0	4.4 ± 1.3	CKD patients on conservative treatment Analyses performed in serum	[80]
6.3 ± 0.9 μmol/g protein (n = 16) *	7.3 ± 0.8 μmol/g protein (n = 13)	-	-	Non dialysis CKD patients	[81]
3.59 (3.31–4.80) μmol/g protein (a) (n = 24)	-	-	-	CKD hypertensive patients stages 3, 4	[82]
stage 2: 9.8 ± 3.5 nmol/mg albumin stage 3: 9.9 ± 2.6 nmol/mg albumin stages 5: 7.9 ± 2.5 nmol/mg albumin (n = 68)	-	-	-	-	[83]
69.44 ± 7.26% (n = 55)	-	4.1 ± 0.4	-	Predialysis patients with CKD	[84]
28.59 ± 6.93%				S-thiolated albumin
stages 1, 2 77.2 ± 3.4% (n = 7) stage 3a 75.5 ± 3.8% (n = 7) stage 3b 71.5 ± 3.3% (n = 6) stages 4, 5 66.2 ± 4.1% (n = 12)	-	stages 1, 2 4.0 ± 0.1 stage 3a 4.0 ± 0.1 stage 3b 4.1 ± 0.3 stages 4, 5 4.1 ± 0.3		-	[85]
stages 1, 2 21.0 ± 3.4% (n = 7) stage 3a 22.4 ± 4.1% (n = 7) stage 3b 26.2 ± 3.1% (n = 6) stages 4, 5 31.1 ± 4.1% (n = 12)				S-thiolated albumin
633 ± 248 nM	430 ± 153 nM			S-cysteinylated + S-homocysteinylated LDL Analyses carried out by capillary electrophoresis laser-induced fluorescence detection	[86]