Table 3.

Ceramides species evaluated in insulin-resistance and type 2 diabetes studies.

Ceramides Species	Study and/or Studied Subjects	Relation of Ceramides Levels and Related Disease	References
C18:0, C20:0, C24:1 and total	T2DM	Increased in plasma Insulin sensitivity decreased	Haus et al. [70]
C18:1 and C18:0	T2DM	Increased in plasma TNF-α increased	Haus et al. [70]
Cer-16, Cer-18, Cer-20, and Cer-22	Cardiovascular Health Study	Increased in plasma Risk of diabetes increased	Fretts et al. [72]
Cer(d18:1/16:0), Cer(d18:1/18:0), Cer(d18:1/24:0); Cer(d18:1/24:1) Cer(d18:1/18:0)/Cer(d18:1/16:0)	FINRISK study	Increased in plasma Incidence of type 2 diabetes increased	Hilvo et al. [55]
C16:0; C18:0, C18:0/C16:0 ratio, C18:0/C24:0 ratio	The Mayo Clinic Study of the Aging cohor	Increased in plasma Prevalence and incidence type 2 diabetes increased	Dugani et al. [74]
Dihydroceramide species Cer(d18:0)	Nine years before T2DM Diagnosis	Increased in plasma T2D predisposition	Wigger et al. [71]