Table 3.

Statistically significant CpG sites whose PFAS-associated methylation differences differed over time (${\mathrm{\beta }}_{\text{Interaction}}$ FDR $q<0.05$) in the HOME Study (Cincinnati, Ohio; enrolled 2003–2006) and associations in Project Viva (eastern Massachusetts; enrolled 1999–2002).

CpGa	Gene	Chr	HOME Study ${\mathrm{\beta }}_{\text{Interaction}}$ ($p$ value)	FDR $q$-value	HOME Study ${\mathrm{\beta }}_{\text{birth}}$ ($p$ value)	HOME Study ${\mathrm{\beta }}_{\text{age}12}$ ($p$ value)	Project Viva ${\mathrm{\beta }}_{\text{Interaction}}$ ($p$ value)	Replicated
PFHxS
cg12507840	UBAC2; MIR548AN	13	$-0.008$ ($1.69\times {10}^{–8}$)	0.011	0.041 (0.009)	$-0.035$ (0.021)	NA	No
cg12119988	ANKDD1A	15	0.012 ($3.19\times {10}^{–8}$)	0.011	$-0.024$ (0.290)	0.093 (0.0004)	$-0.001$ (0.766)	No
cg11035296	DLGAP2-AS1	8	$-0.011$ ($1.62\times {10}^{–7}$)	0.030	0.044 (0.028)	$-0.0639$ (0.020)	NA	No
cg21869609	LINGO3	19	$-0.011$ ($1.77\times {10}^{–7}$)	0.030	0.028 (0.093)	$-0.038$ (0.160)	$-0.003$ (0.343)	No
PFNA
cg24155143	—	4	$-0.030$ ($3.34\times {10}^{–8}$)	0.021	0.14 (0.004)	$-0.22$ (0.0001)	NA	No

Note: Adjusted for child age and sex, annual household income, maternal smoking during pregnancy and race, and cell type composition. —, not annotated to any known gene; ${\mathrm{\beta }}_{\text{birth}}$, shows the association between gestational PFAS and DNA methylation at birth; ${\mathrm{\beta }}_{\text{age}12}$, shows the association between gestational PFAS and DNA methylation at 12 years of age; CpG, cytosine–guanine dinucleotide; Chr, chromosome; FDR, false discovery rate; HOME, Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment; NA, not available in 450K microarray; PFAS, perfluoroalkyl substances; PFHxS, perfluorohexane sulfonate; PFNA, perfluorononanoate; PFOA, perfluorooctanoate; PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonate.

^a Statistically significant CpG sites were defined as having an FDR $q<0.05$ for ${\mathrm{\beta }}_{\text{Interaction}}$.