Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants by AACS.
| AACS | p Value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1–2 | 3–4 | 5–6 | ≥7 | ||
| Age (year) | 50.2 ± 12.0 | 57.0 ± 10.3 | 60.1 ± 9.2 | 63.2 ± 9.2 | 65.0 ± 7.0 | <0.001 |
| Male | 798 (58.8) | 226 (64.9) | 111 (66.5) | 61 (66.3) | 81 (66.4) | <0.001 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 0.046 | |||||
| 0–3 | 15114 (81.9) | 211 (60.6) | 95 (56.9) | 42 (45.7) | 32 (26.2) | <0.001 |
| 4–5 | 238 (17.5) | 126 (36.2) | 67 (40.1) | 45 (48.9) | 86 (70.5) | |
| 6 | 9 (0.7) | 11 (3.2) | 5 (3.0) | 5 (5.4) | 4 (3.3) | |
| Primary renal disease | ||||||
| DM | 210 (15.5) | 121 (34.8) | 70 (42.2) | 43 (47.3) | 79 (64.8) | <0.001 |
| HTN | 261 (19.2) | 76 (21.8) | 36 (21.7) | 23 (25.3) | 21 (17.2) | |
| GN | 521 (38.4) | 79 (22.7) | 28 (16.9) | 15 (16.5) | 11 (9.0) | |
| TID | 11 (0.8) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.8) | |
| PKD | 275 (20.3) | 48 (13.8) | 14 (8.4) | 1 (1.1) | 2 (1.6) | |
| Others | 79 (5.8) | 23 (6.6) | 17 (10.2) | 9 (9.9) | 8 (6.6) | |
| Current smoking status | 216 (15.9) | 48 (13.8) | 36 (21.6) | 15 (16.3) | 14 (11.5) | |
| Medication | 0.138 | |||||
| ACEi/ARBs | 1160 (85.5) | 299 (85.9) | 135 (80.8) | 82 (89.1) | 108 (88.5) | |
| Diuretics | 355 (26.2) | 119 (34.2) | 63 (37.7) | 45 (48.9) | 71 (58.2) | 0.302 |
| Number of anti-HTN drugs ≥ 3 | 317 (23.4) | 113 (32.5) | 72 (43.1) | 35 (38.0) | 64 (52.5) | <0.001 |
| Statins | 617 (45.5) | 205 (58.9) | 117 (70.1) | 49 (53.3) | 91 (74.6) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.4 ± 3.5 | 24.8 ± 3.3 | 24.6 ± 2.9 | 25.3 ± 3.6 | 25.3 ± 3.2 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 126.3 ± 15.5 | 129.1 ± 16.5 | 131.1 ± 17.5 | 133.0 ± 17.6 | 133.0 ± 18.7 | 0.013 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 77.2 ± 10.7 | 77.8 ± 11.6 | 77.2 ± 11.7 | 76.4 ± 11.9 | 73.0 ± 12.6 | <0.001 |
| Laboratory findings | 0.007 | |||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.1 ± 2.0 | 12.7 ± 2.1 | 12.4 ± 2.0 | 12.3 ± 1.9 | 11.8 ± 1.9 | |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | 0.002 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 176.9 ± 37.9 | 171.9 ± 41.2 | 167.0 ± 37.9 | 165.3 ± 43.7 | 164.1 ± 40.3 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 51.0 ± 15.5 | 47.5 ± 15.0 | 45.5 ± 14.6 | 44.4 ± 14.6 | 44.2 ± 15.1 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 99.3 ± 31.4 | 94.0 ± 32.9 | 90.6 ± 31.3 | 90.4 ± 28.1 | 89.7 ± 30.4 | <0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 153.7 ± 96.9 | 160.8 ± 106.0 | 170.2 ± 96.1 | 165.9 ± 104.8 | 172.7 ± 108.2 | 0.093 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 106.4 ± 36.4 | 117.8 ± 46.9 | 118.3 ± 43.9 | 118.9 ± 37.9 | 128.0 ± 46.2 | <0.001 |
| 25(OH) vitamin D (ng/dL) | 17.8 ± 8.0 | 18.3 ± 7.3 | 17.1 ± 6.7 | 16.6 ± 7.5 | 18.1 ± 8.2 | 0.219 |
| hsCRP (mg/dL) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.6) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.7) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.7) | 0.8 (0.5, 2.0) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.0) | 0.064 |
| Spot urine ACR (mg/g Cr) | 301.8 (60.4, 907.1) | 403.2 (97.9, 1435.6) | 344.0 (72.2, 1484.8) | 500.2 (147.0, 1195.0) | 633.8 (132.7, 1617.7) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min./1.73 m2) | 55.4 ± 32.1 | 46.1 ± 26.7 | 40.1 ± 22.0 | 38.8 ± 19.1 | 36.4 ± 21.2 | <0.001 |
| CKD stages | <0.001 | |||||
| Stage 1 | 291 (21.4) | 39 (11.2) | 6 (3.6) | 3 (3.3) | 4 (3.3) | |
| Stage 2 | 288 (21.2) | 57 (16.4) | 31 (18.6) | 10 (10.9) | 13 (10.7) | |
| Stage 3a | 222 (16.4) | 65 (18.7) | 23 (13.8) | 20 (21.7) | 14 (11.5) | |
| Stage 3b | 241 (17.8) | 85 (24.4) | 46 (27.5) | 27 (29.3) | 33 (27.0) | |
| Stage 4 | 242 (17.8) | 77 (22.1) | 48 (28.7) | 26 (28.3) | 50 (41.0) | |
| Stage 5 | 73 (5.4) | 25 (7.2) | 13 (7.8) | 6 (6.5) | 8 (6.6) | |
Values for categorical variables are given as number (percentage); values for continuous variables, as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range). Abbreviations: ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; AACS, abdominal aortic calcification score; ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; Cr, creatinine; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GN, glomerulonephritis; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HTN, hypertension; LDC-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; PKD, polycystic kidney disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; TID, tubulointerstitial disease.